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Anatomy > Directions/Cell Cytology > Flashcards

Directions/Cell Cytology Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

anatomical position

A

standing squarely on all four limbs with head and tail extended

ideal position for all directions

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2
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back

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3
Q

ventral

A

toward the belly

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4
Q

cranial or rostral

A

closer to the head along main body axis

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5
Q

caudal

A

closer to the tail along main body axis

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6
Q

median

A

the perfect plane

one unique longitudinal plane dividing the animal into EQUAL right and left halves

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7
Q

sagittal

A

longitudinal planes parallel to the median plane (infinite in number)

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8
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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9
Q

contralateral

A

on the opposite side

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10
Q

medial

A

towards the midline ie median plane

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11
Q

lateral

A

AWAY from the midline

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12
Q

superficial

A

towards the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ

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13
Q

deep

A

away from or removed from the surface of the body

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14
Q

electron dense structures

A

parts appear darker on the image

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15
Q

electron lucent structures

A

parts appear lighter on the image

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16
Q

freeze fracture technique

A

fractures occur along cell membranes

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17
Q

basophilic stains

A

base loving —> will show acids on slide

appear BLUE or PURPLE

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18
Q

acidophilic stains

A

acid loving —> shows bases

will appear PINK, RED, or ORANGE

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19
Q

hematoxylin

A

basophilic stain (stains acids)

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20
Q

eosin

A

acidophilic stain (stains bases)

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21
Q

H & E

A

most common stain

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22
Q

periodic-acid schiff (pas)

A

stains carbs magenta or purple

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23
Q

trichrome

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A

stains collagen fibers blue or green

24
Q

artifacts

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A

tissue shrinkage and lost molecules

something that is artificially made by people

25
dorsal plane
defines dorsal vs ventral ie top half of animal vs bottom half of animal
26
transverse plane
longitudinal planes perpendicular to the median and dorsal planes (infinite in number)
27
epithelium
covers, lines, secretes and absorbs substances
28
connective tissue
structural support
29
muscle
contracts to produce movement
30
nervous tissue
integrates sensory information with motor outcomes
31
cell
-basic structural/functional unit
32
unit membranes
selective barrier around cells and some organelles -appears trilaminar under TEM
33
plasma membrane
E-face (outer leaflet) ---> faces extracellular space P-face (inner leaflet) ---> faces cytoplasm has peripheral and integral proteins glycocalyx (sugar coat)
34
vesicular transport
transportation of material into or out of a cell by membrane-bound vesicles REQUIRES ATP
35
exocytosis
-release of cellular products = secretion 1) material is packaged into secretory vesicles by the golgi apparatus 2) transported to plasma membrane 3) fuse with plasma membrane and releases into extracellular space
36
regulated secretion
vesicles congregate near plasma membrane secretory granules = vesicles waiting for a signal secretions condense signaled release into extracellular space
37
constitutive secretion
CONTINUOUS secretion no accumulation of secretory vesicles no signaling required ex: fibroblasts, plasma cells
38
endocytosis
=ABSORPTION plasma membrane infolds to form vesicle containing inbound material ---> vesicles fuse with lysosomes for processing 3 types
39
pinocytosis
cellular drinking generalized type of absorption (all cells) forms pinocytotic vesicles (caveolae) fuse with lysosomes for processing aids in membrane trafficking - recycling plasma membrane
40
phagocytosis
cellular eating engulfing large particles, cell debris, bacteria 1) pseudopodia extend/surround the material 2) vesicles called phagosomes are formed 3) phagosomes fuse with lysosomes 4) lysosomes process/degrade/recycle the material
41
phagocytic cell characteristics
pesudopodia (irregular outline) phagosomes, lysosomes, phagolysosomes
42
nucleus
nuclear envelope nuclear pores chromatin: DNA nucleolus: rRNA
43
euchromatin
``` active transcription (DNA uncoiled) more electron lucent ```
44
heterochromatin
inactive (DNA condensed) | more electron dense
45
polyribosomes
free ribosomes create cytoplasmic proteins --> proteins that are going to be used inside the cell
46
ER bound ribosomes
create membrane and secretory proteins, lysosomal enzymes
47
rough ER
interconnected, flattened membranous sacs for protein synthesis outer surface: er bound ribosomes inner surface: cisterna proteins are synthesized into the cisterna and then transported to the golgi apparatus for packaging
48
golgi apparatus
interconnected, flattened sacs where proteins from rER are processed, sorted, packaged within cisterna
49
lysosomes
digestive compartments spherical, membrane-enclosed have varying electron densities ---> due to different concentrations contain enzymes that process/degrade lysosomal contents FUSE WITH: autophagosomes, endocytotic vesicles, phagosomes
50
mitochondria
site of ATP synthesis rod shaped 2 unit membranes: outer is smooth, inner is folded (forms cristae)
51
smooth ER
interconnected membrane-enclosed tubules (not sacs) no ribosomes, no protein synthesis abundant in cells that detoxify and secrete steroid hormones present in all cells
52
cytoskeleton
``` cell morphology (shape) cell mobility interacts with extracellular matrix ``` components: actin, intermediate filament, microtubules
53
actin (thin filaments)
smallest diameter function: 1) help anchor cells to each other and ECM 2) form structural core of microvilli, stereocilia 3) movement (contraction, extending processes)
54
intermediate filaments
larger than actin function: 1) cell to cell adhesion 2) cell to ECM adhesion high tensile strength
55
microtubules
largest cytoskeletal component function: 1) provide rigidity to cell shape 2) aid intercellular transport 3) movement of cell, cilia, flagella structural component of: centrioles, basal bodies, cilia
56
inclusions
in cytoplasm that are not dissolved and are not membrane bound

Anatomy (31 decks)

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