Dirofilaria Immitis (Heart worm)

Question 2

It is a disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis

Answer 2

Heartworm Disease

Question 3

It damages the heart and lung causing inflammation, scarring, and thickening of lung tissue

Answer 3

Adult heartworm

Question 4

When the heart is inflamed die to adult worm, it causes _ _ _, forcing the heart to work harder

Answer 4

high blood pressure

Question 5

The female mosquito takes a blood meal from an infected animal, ingesting ___

Answer 5

Microfilariae (L1 larvae)

Question 6

The female mosquito takes a blood meal from an infected animal, ingesting microfilariae

Answer 6

Microfilariae ingestion

Question 7

Inside the mosquito, the ingested worms mature in stage (L1 to L3) within _ to _ if it’s warm (above 27 degrees)

Answer 7

10-14 days

Question 8

Inside the mosquito, the ingested worms mature in stage (L1 to L3) within _ if it’s cold (18 degrees)

Answer 8

a month

Question 9

During transmission to host, the infectious L3 larvae moves to the mosquito’s __

Answer 9

mouthparts

Question 10

During transmission to host, the ___ moves to the mosquito’s mouthparts

Answer 10

infectious L3 larvae

Question 11

What stage of larva can infect new host?

Answer 11

L3 stage

Question 12

During maturation inside the host the L3 larva develop into L4 within _ to _ days, the migrate through the body

Answer 12

3 to 12 days

Question 14

The L4 larvae mature into yound adult around _ to _ days

Answer 14

50-70 days

Question 15

The L4 larvae mature into young adult around 50 to 70 days and reach the heart and pulmonary arteries about _ to _ days after infection

Answer 15

70-120 days

Question 16

The L4 larvae reach the _ and _ about 70 to 120 days after infection

Answer 16

heart and pulmonary arteries

Question 17

The adult heartworm lives in?

Answer 17

heart and pulmonary arteries

Question 18

How many months does it takes the heartworm to mature and produce offspring (microfilariae)?

Answer 18

6-7 months

Question 19

Life stages of Dirofilaria immits

Answer 19

1. Microfilariae ingestion
2. Development in mosquitoe
3. transmission to host
4. maturation to host
   5 adult worm development

Question 20

How many year can the adult heartworm live?

Answer 20

5-7 yrs

Question 21

Even if the adult worm dies, the microfilariae can still survive up to _ years in a dog

Answer 21

2 years

Question 22

Heartworm disease requires _ as a host. No dog to dog transfer

Answer 22

mosquito

Question 23

The adult worm physically obstruct pulmonary arteries leading to :

Answer 23

1. endothelial damage an inflammation
2. pulmonary hypertension
   reduce blood flow to the lungs

Question 24

Chronic infection leads to right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure, heart struggles to pump blood due to obstructed pulmonary arteries

Answer 24

Right-Sided Heart Failure

Question 25

A large mass of worms can obstruct the tricuspid valve

Answer 25

Caval syndrome

Question 26

Aberrant migration of the worm to the other parts of the body

Answer 26

Ectopic migration

Question 27

Symptoms in dog:

Answer 27

1. no symptoms early 2. cough 3. fatigue 4. difficulty exercising severe cases: 1. breathing problem 2. weight loss 3. fluid build up in the abdomen 4. heart failure

Question 28

the symptoms in humans are

Answer 28

asymptomatic

Question 29

In humans, the worm do not mature into _

Answer 29

adult

Question 30

Diagnosid for heartworm disease

Answer 30

1. Serological test 2. Radiographs 3.echoradiohraph 4. snap test 5.

Question 32

An ELISA for Dirofilaria immitis is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that detects the presence pf this parasite in a blood, serum and plasma sample

Answer 32

Serological Test

Question 33

D. immitis is usually diagnosed by the finding of the distinctive coin lesions chest x-ray

Answer 33

Radiographs

Question 34

This method for diagnosis may help assess the degree of heart enlargement, function, and even see if worms are present in the heart and associated blood vessels

Answer 34

Echoradiograph

Question 35

It is a rapid blood test that detects the D. immitis antigen in dogs and cats. Used to diagnose heartworm disease

Answer 35

Snap Test

Question 36

D. immitis is found in many __, __, __ regions of the world

Answer 36

tropical, subtropical , and temperate

Question 37

D. immitis is cosmopolitan in dogs in __ , __, ___, __, and ___

Answer 37

North and South America, Australia, Japan, and Europe

Question 38

Who are the definitive mammalian hosts for Dirofilaria?

Answer 38

domestic dogs, wild canids ( wolves and foxes), and raccoons

Question 39

What are the treatments used in heartworms?

Answer 39

1. Melarsomine 2. Doxycycline

Question 40

Who is at risk?

Answer 40

1. Environmental and Socioeconomic Factors 2. Demographic factors 3. Occupational exposure 4. Pets and pet-owner

Question 42

Adulticide treatment essential to preventing disease transmission and progression. Worms are eliminated quickly and the progression of disease stops

Answer 42

Melarsomine

Question 43

Used to reduce Wolbachia from all life stages of heartworm to avoid large release of the bacteria during the death of the worm

Answer 43

Doxycycline

Question 44

Prevention for A. lumbricoides

Answer 44

1. staying away from areas and food grown in contaminated dirt 2. Be careful in travelkung in endemic area 3. wash hands before eating your food 4. keep the fingernails clean and trimmed 5. clean regularly your clothing and bedding 6. wash and cook all raw vegetables/ fruit