Disabilities, Challenges and Assistive Technologies Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
This model is presented as viewing disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health condition
A
Medical model
2
Q
This model’s strength is addressing the biological sources of disabilities
A
Medical model
3
Q
This model’s weakness is treating an individual’s disability as the problem, often overlooking the broader sociopolitical constraints imposed by unwelcoming or inaccessible environments.
A
Medical model
4
Q
True or False: The medical model of disability focuses solely on the biological aspects of disability.
A
True
5
Q
In this model, disability is not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the social environment.
A
Social model
6
Q
This model’s strength is ensuring that the world is designed to accommodate a wide range of human characteristics and abilities.
A
Social model
7
Q
This model’s weakness is that it tends to downplay the embodied aspects of disabilities too much, as if disability had nothing to do with bodily characteristics at all
A
Social model
8
Q
This model recognizes that disability is a complex and multi-faceted concept and incorporates the perspectives of the medical and social models.
A
Biopsychosocial Model
9
Q
This model defines disability by a person’s inability to participate in work. It also assesses the degree to which impairment affects an individual’s productivity and the economic consequences for the individual, employer and
the state.
A
Economic model
10
Q
This model’s strength is that it recognizes the effect of bodily limitations on a person’s ability to work, and there may be a need for economic support and / or accommodations for the person’s disability.
A
Economic model
11
Q
This model’s weakness is that it creates a legally defined category of people who are needy, which can be stigmatizing for people with disabilities
A
Economic model
12
Q
This model takes a practical approach to disability by identifying the functional impairments, or limitations, that are a result of disability.
A
Functional Solutions Model
13
Q
This model’s strength is that it is results-oriented.
A
Functional Solutions Model
14
Q
This model’s weakness is that it may focus too much on creating practical technological solutions, that it may miss opportunities to address the larger social context.
A
Functional Solutions Model
15
Q
This model refers to a sense of deriving one’s personal identity from membership within a group of like-minded individuals.
A
Social Identity
16
Q
This model’s strength is that it accepts the person’s disability completely
and uses it as a point of pride in being associated with other people in a similar condition.
A
Social Identity
17
Q
This model’s weakness is that the feelings of belonging felt by one group of people can be counterbalanced by a feeling of exclusion by people who don’t fit the group’s expectations.
A
Social Identity
18
Q
This model treats disabilities as unfortunate or tragic conditions worthy of special treatment.
A
Charity Model
19
Q
This model’s strength is that it inspire people to contribute their time and / or resources to provide assistance when it is genuinely needed.
A
Charity Model
20
Q
This model’s weakness is that it can be condescending toward people with disabilities, who may come to resent the feeling that they are the object of pity by other people, and that they must depend on accepting this pity on a continual basis.
A
Charity Model
21
Q
a sensory disability involving nearly complete vision loss
A
Blindness
22
Q
True or False: The majority of people with vision impairment are over 50 years of age.
A
True
23
Q
a sensory disability that impairs a person’s ability to distinguish certain color combinations, most common being red and green
A
color blindness
24
Q
True or False: Blue-Yellow color blindness only affects men.
A
False, this form of color blindness affects both men and women equally. This condition occurs in fewer than 1 in 10,000 people worldwide.
25
This disability is an uncorrectable vision loss that interferes with daily activities. It is better defined in terms of function, rather than numerical test results.
Low Vision
26
True or False: Low vision can be corrected with glasses, contacts or surgery.
False – Most eye care professionals prefer to use the term “low vision” to describe permanently reduced vision that cannot be corrected with regular glasses, contact lenses, medicine, or surgery.
27
A person with this disability will benefit from magnification + high contrast text.
Low vision
28
This disability is the total or near total loss of hearing.
Deafness
29
This disability refers to people with hearing loss ranging from mild to severe, who still have some useful hearing, and may communicate through sign language, spoken language, or both understand spoken language in some situations, with or without amplification.
Hard of Hearing (HOH)
30
People with this disability have difficulty with, among other things, locating the source of a sound, understanding what someone is saying if the environment is loud or there are competing sounds, following spoken directions, learning songs or instruments, paying attention, responding in a timely way, or learning a new language.
Central Auditory Processing Disorder
31
This is a rare condition, that requires touch as the primary means of
communication.
Deaf-blindness
32
A speech disorder involving difficulties in producing specific types of sounds. This disorder involves substitution of one sound for another, slurring of speech, or indistinct speech.
articulation
33
This articulation disorder occurs when a person continues to make mistakes past a certain age.
A speech sound disorder
34
This articulation disorder occurs when there are patterns of not saying words
correctly.
A phonological process disorder
35
This articulation disorder occurs when a person has trouble moving muscles required to talk.
A motor speech disorder
36
A person with this disability may not be able to recognize words or understand what is being said, be unable to speak or have difficulty saying what they mean, difficulty forming sentences and omitting words.
Aphasia
37
This is the inability to speak and can be caused by damage to the brain and / or speech muscles, by emotional or psychological reasons, or by a combination of causes.
Mutism / No Speech
38
Some examples of this mobility disability include
- difficulty tying shoelaces
- inability to do up buttons or zippers
- difficulty using a keyboard
- taking a long time to pick up small objects
Manual Dexterity / Fine Motor Control
39
This mobility disability causes impairments to a person’s ability to walk which may be caused by congenital conditions, disease, or injury, such as cerebral palsy, neuromuscular disorders, amputation, arthritis, and back injuries.
Ambulation
40
This mobility disability is often defined as an overwhelming sense of tiredness, lack of energy and feeling of exhaustion, and it relates to a difficulty in performing voluntary tasks.
Muscle Fatigue
41
These are disabilities caused by a variety of disorders that affect a person’s stature, proportions or shape. Examples include acromegaly, dwarfism, rheumatoid arthritis, and obesity
Body Size / Shape
42
"Seating that is too small, or at the wrong height" is a barrier for which disability?
Body Size / Shape
43
This disability is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem solving) and in adaptive behavior, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills.
Intellectual Disabilities
44
American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, an individual has this kind of disability if he or she meets three criteria:
• Their IQ is below 70-75.
• There are significant limitations in two or more adaptive areas (skills that are needed to live, work, and play in the community, such as communication or selfcare).
• The condition manifests itself before the age of 18.
Intellectual Disabilities
45
This learning disability impairs a person’s ability to read. These individuals typically read at levels significantly lower than expected despite having normal intelligence.
Dyslexia
46
This math/computation disability involves an inability to understand arithmetic and how to calculate.
Dyscalculia
47
This math/computation disability involves an inability to draw or copy figures and graphs
Dysgraphia
48
The main symptoms of this cognitive disability are inattention, distractibility, impulsivity and hyperactivity
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
49
This cognitive disability refers to a range of conditions characterized by some degree of impaired social behavior, communication and language, and a narrow range of interests and activities that are both unique to the individual and carried out repetitively.
Autism Spectrum Disorders
50
People with this disability have normal intelligence and language development, but have trouble with social skills, sensory input, and making transitions.
Non-verbal Learning Disability
51
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Symptoms of this disability can include:
• Visual hallucinations
• An inability to speak
• Convulsions
• Loss of muscle tone
• Staring
• Falling down
• Biting the tongue
• Loss of control of the bladder or bowels
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General Seizure Disorders
52
This is a condition in which people affected have seizures triggered by flashing or flickering lights, or patterns.
Photosensitive Epilepsy
53
This is a disorder in which a person feels anxiety or fear in certain or all social situations, such as meeting new people, dating, being on a job interview, answering a question in class, or having to talk to a cashier in a store.
Social Anxiety Disorder
54
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Some of the characteristics and behaviors seen in children who have this disability include:
• Hyperactivity
• Aggression or self-injurious behavior
• Withdrawal
• Immaturity
• Learning difficulties
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Emotional disturbance
55
This type of disorder involves a pattern of disruptive behaviors in children that last for at least 6 months and cause problems in school, at home and in social situations
Behavioral disorders
56
This describes the phenomenon of more than one disability being present within a person at the same time. It does not include deaf-blindness.
Multiple / Compound disabilities
57
Assistive technologies for those who cannot see or have difficulty seeing digital or electronic interfaces
Screen readers can read interfaces and content out loud by converting text to speech.
Audio description is an additional audio track that describes and gives context for essential visual information.
58
Assistive technologies for those who cannot use screen readers on interfaces and digital content not designed with
accessibility in mind:
Interfaces and content must be remediated for accessibility. Interface designers and content authors, if they have access to the necessary files, can edit the markup (which describes the files’ presentation or logical structure) to make them compatible with assistive technologies.
59
Assistive technologies for those who cannot see digital interfaces of public displays, such as digital signs, ATMs and airport kiosks
Content should also be announced audibly. On interactive systems, haptic or speech input can facilitate interaction.
60
Assistive technologies for those who have difficulty seeing low contrast text
Software or hardware options can enhance the contrast of digital text by using color combinations with high enough contrast to easily read.
61
Assistive technologies for those who cannot see when walking
Canes help people feel their surroundings as they walk.
Trained service animals help people navigate.
GPS-based walking instructions with an audio interface, either automated or via a remote human navigator, help people navigate.
Use raised tiles on the ground to indicate the edge of a platform, a pathway along a sidewalk, the beginning of a staircase, etc. Eliminate low-hanging architectural features that a blind person could bump into.
Clear obstructions in hallways and on sidewalks.
62
Assistive technologies for those who cannot see, or has difficulty seeing, signs or other text on buildings or other locations.
Map and geolocation applications on mobile devices can announce the names and descriptions of buildings and other location-related information.
If they are easy to find, braille labels and descriptions on entrances, rooms, bathrooms, historical markers, and other points of interest allow people who know braille explore and understand their surroundings.
Tactile models of the exterior of buildings, or of floorplans of the interior of buildings help people form a mental map of their surroundings.
Use color combinations with high contrast.
63
Assistive technologies for those who cannot see or feel the controls on flat interfaces on devices such as microwaves and dishwashers
Use alternative interfaces with knobs or other tactile controls.
Provide audio interfaces.
Facilitate remote control through mobile apps.
64
Assistive technologies for those who cannot read the text on the containers or packaging for consumer items such as
medicine, personal care products, and food
Embossed braille (or braille stickers) on packaging and product containers help consumers identify items both in the store and after purchase.
Mobile apps can scan labels of bar/QR codes and read the product information aloud.
65
Assistive technologies for those who cannot read money to determine its value:
Mobile apps can photograph the money and read the value aloud.
Paper bills and coins should be manufactured in different sizes, shapes, or textures to allow people to distinguish the value based on touch or by using a small measuring device.
Non-cash systems of payment can use voice output or work with screen readers.
66
Assistive technologies for those who cannot read books, mail, or other printed materials
Optical character recognition software can convert scanned images of text into digital text readable by screen readers. Accuracy depends on the capabilities of the conversion software and the quality of the original document, including font choices and line spacing.
Information can be placed online or in other digital formats to allow people to read the materials using their own assistive technologies.
67
Assistive technologies for those who cannot tell the color of a clothing item:
Mobile apps can recognize colors through cameras on mobile devices and speak them aloud.
68
True or False: Relying on color to convey meaning is a good a11y practice.
False; Do not rely on color alone to convey meaning or information. People who are color blind will not be able to distinguish the difference or meaning of the colors.
69
Assistive technologies for those who cannot hear talks, presentations, and performances
Provide sign language interpretation.
Provide live captions on a monitor during the speech
70
Assistive technologies for those who cannot hear the audio portion of videos
Provide synchronized captions with videos
Provide sign language interpretation
Provide a transcript.
71
Assistive technologies for those who cannot hear doorbells, alarms, and other alerts
Provide alternative visual alerts, such as lights that flash, pulse, dim, or turn on and off.
72
Assistive technologies for those who cannot see digital text.
A screen reader can convert text to braille on a refreshable braille device, or print it in a braille embosser.
73
Assistive technologies for those who cannot hear audio, including the audio portion of videos.
A screen reader can convert a transcript of the audio to braille on a refreshable braille device, or print it in a braille embosser.
74
Assistive technologies for those who cannot perceive video, including the audio track
A screen reader can convert a transcript of the video along with audio descriptions to braille on a refreshable braille device, or print it in a braille embosser.
75
Assistive technologies for those who have difficulty speaking to other persons
May use text-to-speech programs or AAC devices.
76
Assistive technologies for those who require repeated exposure to content before long-term memory processing and
comprehension takes place:
Screen readers can read interfaces and content aloud by converting digital text to synthesized speech. Users can adjust rate of speech, vary voice and pitch to get varied exposure to content when they repeat it.
May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
77
Assistive technologies for those who cannot use screen readers on digital content and interfaces not designed with
accessibility in mind
Interface designers and content authors can edit the markup to make it compatible with the assistive technologies used by those with speech and language disabilities.
May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
78
Assistive technologies for those who have difficulty writing understandable text
May use programs with writing templates, organizational tools, word prediction and spell checkers.
May use speech-to-text programs.
May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
79
The below list are assistive technologies for what type of disability?
Switch devices / Adaptive keyboards / Voice control / Alternative pointing devices / Eye tracking / Voice recognition software / Speech-to-text software / Bubble and area cursors / Customizable keyboard / Adaptive notepads with word prediction and text-to-speech features / Mouth stick / Head wand / Single-switch access / Sip and puff switch / Oversized mouse or trackball / Adjustable position displays / Timing controls / Wheelchair / Universal design of consumer products
Manual Dexterity / Fine Motor Control
80
The below list are assistive technologies for what type of disability?
Walkers / Canes / Crutches / Manual and electric wheelchairs / Motorized scooters / Gait trainers / Stair lifts / Lift chairs / Exoskeletons
Ambulation
81
The below list are assistive technologies for what type of disability?
Mouth sticks / Head wands / Single-switch access / Auto-type software / Sip-and-puff switch / Oversized trackball mouse / Adaptive keyboard / Eye-tracking devices / Voice recognition software
Muscle Fatigue
82
The below list are assistive technologies for what type of disability?
Pedal extensions for driving / Stools / Stepladders / Grab Rail + Handle bars / Walker / Cane / Crutch / Wheelchair / Portable toilet or Bedside Commode / Bedpan or urinal / Supplemental oxygen / Respirator / Elevator / Chairlift
Body Size
83
The below list are assistive technologies for what type of disability?
Canes / Crutches / Braces and splints / Reachers / Taller chair legs / Large buttons / Button hooks / Velcro closures / Touch or voice operated light fixtures
Body Shape or Form
84
The below list are assistive technologies for what type of disability?
Word prediction or lookup / Simplified interfaces / Simplified content / Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices / Synchronized speech and highlighting / Visual or audio alternatives to text in signage, messages, instructions / Direct and immediate help
Cognitive or Intellectual Disabilities
85
Assistive technologies for those who perceive words as floating and not in a line
Can use a special font developed for dyslexia which weights the letters down and makes similar figures appear differently.
May be granted additional time to complete tasks
86
Assistive technologies for those who perceive words differently than others, such as seeing p b d q as the same letter
Can change the font, contrast or add an underline to text to keep words in line.
May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
87
Assistive technologies for those who require additional time to read and process content
Can extend time-outs and return to the same location on the page.
Can use voice output technology to reinforce reading content with the audible version. Can use screen readers which highlight the word or phrase being read to assist with tracking.
Can use enhanced visible focus indicators to keep track of their position on the page.
Can use special programs or dictionaries which present words with pictures.
May be granted additional time to complete tasks
88
Assistive technologies for those who have the burden of deciphering content from the way it is presented
May apply a custom style sheet.
89
Assistive technologies for those who may have difficulty solving problems presented through security features such as CAPTCHA
Support the ability to change the type of problem presented
90
Assistive technologies for those who may have difficulty processing content through visual means
Can use voice output technology to reinforce reading content with the audible version. May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
91
Assistive technologies for those who may have difficulties with spelling
Spelling and grammar checker.
Dictation.
92
Assistive technologies for those who may struggle to distinguish right from left in graphic images
Can read data in a data table or text description as an alternative to graphic representations of data.
May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
93
Assistive technologies for those who may struggle to perform calculations
Can use an online reference sheet with common equations.
Can use an onscreen calculator.
May be granted additional time to complete tasks.
94
This assistive technology for Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities shows pictorial representations of
objects and actions.
PECS – Picture Exchange Communication System
95
This assistive technology for Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities pre-records messages that play the
name of the object or action
VOCAs-Voice Output Communication Aids
96
This assistive technology for Non-Verbal Learning Disabilities is appropriate for users who can use a keyboard. This device allows users to type words into a keyboard and then the device speaks it out.
Type-to-Talk devices
97
The below list are assistive technologies for what type of disability?
Mobile digital diary apps with reminders / Smart watches that detect seizures and send alerts or provide GPS location / Service animals / Wearables with an alert button to call for help / Supportive gear and protective wear in case of a fall
General Seizure Disorders
98
The below list are assistive technologies for what type of disability?
Flicker-free monitors / Monitor glare guards / Non-glare glasses
Photosensitivity Epilepsy
99
The below list are assistive technologies for what type of disability?
Programmable keyboards / Writing-support tools / Communication aids / Text-to-braille translation software / Other types of adaptive equipment
Multiple / Compound Disabilities
100
How many people have a disability?
10% to 20%
101
Why are disability statistics so variable?
Differences in how "disability" is defined
Differences in data collection methods
Political or Public Relations Biases keep people from reporting their disability
102
True or False: Narrow definitions will result in smaller percentages of people reporting a disability.
True; Likewise, broad definitions will result in larger percentages of people reporting a disability.
103
Older people are more likely to have disabilities. What percentage of the older population has a disability?
30-60%; in fact, most adults acquire multiple disabilities as a natural part of the aging process
104
What is the relationship between disability, education and job opportunities?
People with disabilities tend to be less educated than the general population.
Students with disabilities may not be capable of completing a traditional education; and in some cases, the school might not be adequately equipped to handle students with disabilities.
The consequence of the lower education levels is that people with disabilities may not be as qualified for jobs as other candidates.
105
In addition to lower education levels, these 2 hurdles also reduce the employment opportunities for people with disabilities.
Workplace discrimination & inaccessible work environments
106
What percentage of people with disabilities live below the poverty line?
30%
107
23% of people with disabilities age 65 and older in the United States are living with this type of disability
Ambulatory
108
According to the United Nations, what is the average number of years people spend living with a disability in a country where the life expectancy is 70 years or more?
8 years
