Disability Flashcards
(31 cards)
Definition of disability
Equality Act 2010: long-term’ negative effect on your ability to do normal daily
activities
What is SEND?
children who require support that is additional to, or different from, the support generally
made for other children of the same age in a school
Prevalence of SEND
~18.2% of children are identified as having SEND in the
UK
EHCP prevalence
4.8% of these children receive the highest level of support
through Education, Health and Care Plans
What is an EHCP
EHCP are for pupils who needs more support than is available through standard SEND support - sets out long term outcomes
Most prevalent primary need in childhood
DfE (2024) - ASC 33% EHCP
Kirk-Wade (2022)
Around 50% have difficulties in more than one area of
functioning (co-morbidity)
Higher prevalence in… (Kirk-Wade, 2022)
Disadvantaged households, in childhood more prevalence in boys, more adult women reported to have a disability, social/behavioural impairment, mid-childhood onwards
Hull et al., 2020
female phenotype & camouflaging
Zener (2019)
female = less likely diagnosed or much later. causes mental strain. Diagnosis increases self-awareness and support available
Batz et al (2024)
navigating SEND pathways = challenging for parents
Houtrow et al (2014)
The prevalence of childhood disability is increasing (more neurodevelopmental disorders, biggest increase in mid-higher income families, lower income families experience most but are less likely to be diagnosed
Why has prevalence of childhood disability increased?
Increased awareness about disability - need to better understand factors influencing parent reports of childhood disability
Structural & Social Determinants
Ableism, poverty, geographical location, limited access to services.
Facilitators = access to social, cultural and economic capital
Parental Voice & Participation
Parents experience power imbalances, feel disrespected, and report lack of agency in decision-making
Parents valued when their expertise was acknowledged and providers were respectful, flexible and supportive
Service Navigation
Families often feel overwhelmed, confused, or unsupported.
Barriers = poor communication, lack of clear information and long waiting times for diagnosis
Broomhead (2013)
Parents of children with BESD feel blamed by ed practitioners than parents of children with SEND that has a biological basis
Lendrum et al (2013)
Structured Conversations with Parents - effective in giving parents a voice that was listened to - improved mesosystem connection - increase in engagement and confidence in Asian parents
Medical Model
Disability is a problem that belongs to the disabled individual - how most of the world views disability - labels, diagnoses, and treatment
Issue with medical model
Changes to diagnostic criteria which has implications for how many people given a diagnosis (Mandy et al., 2011)
Implications for parents
Transactional models approach (Sameroff, 2013) - bidirectional process - interaction and responsibility for change are shared by the parent and the child. Medical professionals provide the pathway for this change by focusing on the treatment of the child (medical) and the parent (intervention)
Daley et al (2014)
Medication used as a first line for treatment for ADHD followed by behaviour interventions for child and/or parent
Coates et al (2015)
meta-analysis examining effect of parent training on ADHD outcomes
Findings: sig red. in ADHD symptoms, sig red. in conduct problems, sig improv. in parenting self-esteem, no improvement in parental depression, stress or parenting behaviour
Haegele & Hodge (2016)
Medical model conflates impairment with illness
