Disability Studies

Question 1

Terms and labelling

Answer 1

Terms used to describe people change over time and differ in different societies
Language influences attitudes and there are good reasons for rejecting terminology that causes offence, stigmatisation and promotes injustice

Question 2

Old definitions - idiot

Answer 2

Unable to guard himself agains common physical dangers

Question 3

Old definitions- imbecile

Answer 3

Incapable of managing or being taught t manage own affairs

Question 4

Old definitions - feeble minded

Answer 4

Requires are and supervision for his own protection and for others

Question 5

Moral imbecile

Answer 5

Not mentally defective

Question 6

Eugenics

Answer 6

Application of biological principles to upgrade the physical and mental strength of the nation - Charles Darwin
Comments were made on the measures used by parliament which act to protect the poor and disabled he describes them as allowing weak members of society to propagate their kind

Question 7

Eugenics strategies to prevent degeneration

Answer 7

Sterilisation
Marital regulation
Birth control
Segregation of the unfit

Question 8

Special school

Answer 8

Began As early as 1892
1944 education act committed the LEA to providing schooling for children which was suitable for their age and aptitude
Meant a rise in special schools
This promoted expertise and material resources and offering a sympathetic environment

Question 9

The tragedy charity model

Answer 9

Depicts people as victims of circumstance deserving of pity
Traditionally used by charities to fund raise
This model is condemned by critics as disenabling
Causing a tragedy and pity culture
Critics have suggested charity funds should be channeled to promote
- empowerment of disabled people
- full integration into society has equal citizens

Question 10

Medical model states

Answer 10

Disability results from the persons limitation mental or physical
NOT associated with social or geographical environments

Question 11

WHO definitions support the model

Answer 11

Impairment: any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure
Disability:any restriction or lack of ability (resulting from an impairment) to perform an activity in the manner considered normal for a human being
Handicap: any disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment or disability that to prevent the fulfillment of a role that is normal for that individual

Question 12

Medical model pros cons

Answer 12

Therapeutic benefit

Not offer a realistic viewpoint of disabled people themselves

Question 13

Discrediting of institutionalised care

Answer 13

Association with Nazis
Hospital scandals - neglect
Growth of therapeutic optimism - professionals in certain areas believe change is possible with new treatment techniques

Question 14

The social model

Answer 14

Disability is a consequence of environmental social and attitudinal barriers
Defined as: the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level to others
Disability stems from a failure of society to adjust to meet the needs and aspirations of the disabled minority
Parallels the doctrine of racial equality
Society must change to meet the needs of disabled people
The removal of attitudinal, physical and institutional barriers will improve the lives of disabled people giving them the same opportunity as others on an equal basis

Question 15

Social model pros and cons

Answer 15

Pros: focuses on the society and not the individual and it also focuses on the individual

Cons: taken to an extreme it suggests that disability would be eradicated if society was changed in appropriate ways
Does not acknowledge the limitations which may result from the impairment such as (pain) that change to the social context could not remove.

Question 16

Social adapted/ biopsychosocial

Answer 16

Advocated by WHO:
Based on the social model but with elements of the medical model with the significance of the impairments

It recognises not all impairments can be addressed but if we change the environment it can be less discriminatory
Lack of adaptations contributory to their condition
Disability stems from the lack of adaptations
Advantage does not focus on the disabilities but takes into account people’s capabilities and potential

Question 17

ICF

International Classification of disability and health

Answer 17

Embodies bio psych social model

Synthesis of the medical model and social approach to disablement

Question 18

Disability discrimination law

Answer 18

Unlawful for discriminating in employment, trade union and qualification bodies
Access to goods facilities and services
Education

Question 19

Single equality act 2010

Answer 19

9 protected characteristics 
Age
Disability 
Sex 
Gender reassignment 
Marriage and civil partnership 
Pregnancy and maternity 
Race 
Religion 
 Sexual orientation

Question 20

Human Rights

Answer 20

Belong to everyone
Place authorities in the UK include no the government, hospitals, social services -under obligation to treat people with fairness equality dignity and respect

Question 21

Lesion of disability - mental retardation

Answer 21

Official WHO term and used in the USA

Question 22

Intellectual disability

Answer 22

Current international term

Question 23

Learning disability

Answer 23

Official UK term

Designates specific learning difficulty in some countries

Question 24

Learning difficulty

Answer 24

Used by educational services in the U.K. Such as dyslexia

Question 25

Mental impairment

Answer 25

Legal term used differently in the DDA and mental health acts

Question 26

WHO definition learning disability

Answer 26

General impairment of intellectual functioning Consequences in terms of severe impairment of social functioning Onset before physical maturity Therefore excludes people who develop cognitive impairments in adult life

Question 27

Measured by:

Answer 27

IQ tests measure a range of intellectual skills and knowledge, scores standardised with 100 as the population Problems assesses narrow range of skills, people LD can have a balance of strengths and weaknesses Adaptive behaviour: Measure skills in daily living, generate a series of rating scales Problems ignore the extent of support from a Carer Use the measurement to identify those that need help

Question 28

Epidemiology

Answer 28

No register difficult to estimate numbers Mild Ld- poverty and disadvantage not an organic cause Severe LD- more likely organic cause Trends inc More adults living with LD Limited impact of prevention measures Increasing premature baby survival who have LD

Question 29

Communication

Answer 29

Distinguish between receptive and expressive communication - some people with LD can understand language than speak it vice versa Communication problems are often associated with challenging behaviour Assisted communication: - environmental adaptation (signs, colour coding) - interpreters - assisted communication systems: braille, symbols, message boards, simpler English

Question 30

Normalisation - Scandinavian approach

Answer 30

Disabled people need to attain adulthood by overcoming the ordinary challenges of life. So have services to help them and give normal life

Question 31

Normalisation US approach

Answer 31

Ease of labelling disabled people due to separateness of their appearance, environment and way of life So be wary of services labelling them as different so need of give them valuable social roles

Question 32

Universalism

Answer 32

Closures of large institutions for disabled people Gave them greeter access to public services, employment and community facilities enforced by law Problems with a rise in consumerism, dismissed responsibility from less engagement with others and disabled seen as negative consumers

Question 33

Prevention of LD

Answer 33

Pre conception -> screening Down syndrome Prenatal -> folate in pregnancy Perinatal -> optimal observation and neonatal care Postnatal-> health education to reduce accidents and vaccination

Question 34

Morbidity -

Answer 34

High rate Of chronic disorders in addition to LD High rate of injuries less able to assess risk Higher prevalence of epilepsy sensory impairment and mobility problems

Question 35

Psychiatric disorder

Answer 35

More common - depression - stress coping with dependence and social exclusion 10x autism

Question 36

Mortality

Answer 36

Life expectancy increase Higher mortality rates Often tend to lead unhealthy life styles

Question 37

Access to healthcare

Answer 37

Poor disorders can go on untreated

Question 38

People with LD in hospital

Answer 38

Staff not used to people with LD don't ask for consent correctly Poor info before admission. Hospitals lack specialists and facilities Poor staff training

Question 39

Visual impairment

Answer 39

Unable to see or see clearly

Question 40

Visual acuity

Answer 40

Ability to see detail

Question 41

Distance acuity

Answer 41

UK 6/6 | Tested using a Snellen Chart

Question 42

Aim cause of sight loss in adults

Answer 42

``` Age related macular degeneration Glaucoma Cataracts Diabetes Retinopathy Trachoma - chlamydia ```

Question 43

Refractive error:

Answer 43

Common they occur when they sue cannot clearly focus images resulting in blurred vision sometimes sever it causes visual impairment 3 types Myopia - distant objects (short sighted) Hypemetropia - close objects (long sighted) Astigmatism - distorted vision resulting from an incorrectly shaped cornea

Question 44

Facts

Answer 44

80% of all visual impairment can be avoided or cured

Question 45

Typical blind person

Answer 45

Woman May be widowed Has AMD Also has hearing problems, arthritis, CVD, diabetes Cannot read or write or recognise faces BUT can still be independent

Question 46

Help available

Answer 46

``` Guide dog Government benefits Eye clinic liaison officer Social worker Mobility officer Rehabilitation worker ```

Question 47

Medical model of deafness

Answer 47

Deafness is a developmental deficiency or disease Defect can be cured by medication, equipment, technology, surgery, Individuals adjustment and behavioural change would lead would lead to an effective cure Main aim of professional is to teach dear people to speak Deaf people children are reminded that they are different - their speech is not right Deaf people have a responsibility to make themselves understood Fit in with the majority

Question 48

Social model of deafness

Answer 48

Disability is a socially created problem It is the communication between hearing and deaf people which is the barrier as those who cannot hear cannot use sign language properly Society creates the barriers through lack of awareness, attitudes, lack of accessible information for deaf people Isolation is a big problem Oppression and discrimination of deaf people - poor access to services Need to manipulate the social environment to improve access and participation

Question 49

Cultural model of deafness

Answer 49

Those using BSL see themselves as a part of a social, cultural and linguistic minority Deaf people do not see themselves as disabled Shared history and belief system Positive towards their deafness Minority language not a disability

Question 50

Communication

Answer 50

Most deaf people will use English by residual hearing, lip reading and speech Sign language of which there are 200 variations

Question 51

Dos

Answer 51

Clearly at normal speed Minimal background noise and good light Talk face to face Gain attention by tapping waving stamping feet

Question 52

Don'ts

Answer 52

``` Shout Cover mouth Speak too fast Assume a nod means I understand Don't ask do you understand ```

Question 53

Degrees of deafness

Answer 53

Hard of hearing - acquired or gradual loss Moderately deaf Severely deaf - can't hear a phone Profoundly deaf - born or became deaf in early childhood sometimes have no hearing Deafened - deaf after acquiring language Deaf blind - born one become the other

Question 54

Interpreters

Answer 54

It is the organisations responsibility to pay and book a interpreter not the deaf persons Shortage of interpreters takes 7 years to become fully qualified Before booking need to make sure they meet the deaf persons needs and all deaf peoples needs are different Interpreter does not offer opinions Need to make sure they interpret things both ways Contact a deaf person. Text fax email videophone type talk or text phone