Discussion 1

Question 1

Legal researchers play a crucial role in assisting lawyers and judges. They analyze case laws, gather jurisprudence, and provide insights that shape courtroom arguments and judicial decisions.

Answer 1

Law

Question 2

Medical research has greatly impacted society by developing life-saving treatments, improving disease diagnostics, and advancing medical equipment

Answer 2

4. Medical and Healthcare

Question 3

uses research to analyze both living and deceased bodies in the pursuit of justice.

Answer 3

Forensic Medicine

Question 4

Research in aviation covers various topics such as the industry’s history, safety studies, accident analysis, and aircraft design. These findings ensure safer and more efficient air travel.

Answer 4

5. Aircraft and Aviation

Question 5

rely on research to create functional and aesthetically pleasing designs. They assess client needs, analyze project contexts, and select appropriate materials. Similarly, individuals often act as “architects” of their homes by researching online and blending ideas to create personalized spaces.

Answer 5

6. Architecture

Question 6

research explores human behavior, social dynamics, and solutions to societal issues.

It serves purposes like:

Predicting behavior
Promoting self-discipline
Enhancing human welfare
Expanding knowledge

Answer 6

7. Social Science

Question 7

Criminology uses research to understand the causes of crime by combining theoretical frameworks with data analysis.

Answer 7

Criminology and Social Science:

Question 8

Advocated against the death penalty and is considered the father of modern criminal justice.

Answer 8

Cesare Beccaria:

Question 9

Proposed reforms in schools, prisons, and legal systems, influencing the creation of structured laws.

Answer 9

Jeremy Bentham:

Question 10

Introduced the idea of the “born criminal, suggesting criminality could be identified through physical traits.

Lombroso categorized criminals as:

Criminaloids
Criminals by Passion
Born Criminals
Occasional Criminals

Answer 10

Cesare Lombroso:

Question 11

Criminology comes from two words:

Answer 11

the Latin “crimen,” meaning accusation, and the Greek “logos,” meaning word or reasoning

Question 12

is the study of crime and why it happens. It looks into the behaviors of those who commit crimes and seeks to uncover the reasons behind their actions.

Answer 12

criminology

Question 13

blends behavioral and social sciences, evolving from research by sociologists, psychologists, economists, social workers, and legal experts. Through this exploration, we understand the role research plays in shaping our knowledge of crime and criminal justice.

Answer 13

Criminology

Question 14

What is the backbone of criminology?

Answer 14

Criminological Research

Question 15

Criminological research focuses on three main areas:

Answer 15

Sociology of law
Criminal etiology
Penology

Question 16

Understanding how laws are created and applied.agal

Answer 16

Sociology of Law

Question 17

• Studying why crimes occur.

Answer 17

Criminal Etiology

Question 18

• Exploring punishment, rehabilitation, and prison systems. In the Philippines, criminological research spans six key areas.

Criminal law and jurisprudence
Law enforcement administration
Forensics
Criminal sociology
Crime detection and investigation
Correctional administration

Answer 18

Penology

Question 19

Research in this area improves our legal system by analyzing its effectiveness, proposing reforms, and identifying challenges in justice administration.

Answer 19

Research in Criminal Law and Jurisprudence

Question 20

Good research leads to better policies and practices in law enforcement.

Answer 20

Research in Law Enforcement Administration

Question 21

Forensics is all about applying science to solve crimes.

Answer 21

Research in Forensics

Question 22

• The foundations of modern forensic photography trace back to William Henry Fox Talbot’s inventions.

Answer 22

Photography

Question 23

• The development of the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS).

Answer 23

Fingerprinting

Question 24

• Analyzing biological samples or materials from crime scenes using advanced tools like spectrometers.

Answer 24

Chemistry and Toxicology

Question 25

Other fascinating developments include handwriting analysis, polygraph machines, and forensic ballistics.

Answer 25

Chemistry and Toxicology

Question 26

Investigating crimes requires critical thinking and research skills.

Answer 26

Research in Crime Detection and Investigation

Question 27

Research has shaped theories about crime causation and human behavior, which are key areas in criminology.

Answer 27

Research in Criminology Courses

Question 28

In correctional settings, research has led to innovative approaches like therapeutic community programs for those dealing with substance abuse or other behavioral problems.

Answer 28

Research in Correctional Administration

Question 29

is about digging deeper into a subject to learn something new.

Answer 29

Research

Question 30

means to look for answers or investigate something more than once, using organized methods to find facts that can help improve our understanding of an issue or solve a problem.

Answer 30

research

Question 31

refers to the information you collect during your research. This could come from surveys, interviews, or observations. To make sense of the information, you need to analyze and process the data. For example, you might collect data about how much sleep people get, then use statistics to understand the trends.

Answer 31

Data

Question 32

Data can be categorized into different types:

Answer 32

Categorial data Continuous data Numerical data Qualitative data Discrete data

Question 33

This includes information that falls into distinct categories, like gender, color, or marital status. These categories can't be ranked or measured numerically.

Answer 33

Categorical Data:

Question 34

This refers to data that can take any value. Examples include height, weight, and temperature, which can also be expressed in decimal form.

Answer 34

Continuous Data:

Question 35

This is data expressed in numbers, like age, salary, or number of crimes committed.

Answer 35

Numerical Data:

Question 36

This is non-numeric information like opinions, descriptions, and feelings, which can be shared through images, text, or audio.

Answer 36

Qualitative Data:

Question 37

This type of data has distinct categories that can't be divided further. For example, the number of police officers in a department can't be 2.5-it's a whole number.

Answer 37

Discrete Data:

Question 38

This is data collected based on real-world observations or experiments, usually through scientific methods. It is information gathered either through numbers (quantitative) or descriptions (qualitative).

Answer 38

Empirical Data

Question 39

is the process of observing, measuring, and recording information in a research study. It's the first step in gathering the facts you need for analysis.

Answer 39

Data Collection

Question 40

Once data is collected, it needs to be organized and examined for patterns or trends.

Answer 40

Data Analysis

Question 41

includes various techniques to help you understand the information better. like regression analysis or content analysis.

Answer 41

Data analysis

Question 42

In research, the population refers to the entire group of people or things you're studying. For example, if you're studying police officers with 0-3 years of service, all officers in that group make up the population.

Answer 42

Population

Question 43

This is the specific group you want to draw conclusions about, based on your research. It's the population you are trying to generalize your results to.

Answer 43

Target Population

Question 44

A sample is a smaller group selected from the population to represent the whole. By studying the sample, researchers can make inferences about the entire population.

Answer 44

Population Sample

Question 45

is something that can change or vary in your study, like age, income, or job performance. In research, we focus on understanding how variables relate to each other.

Answer 45

Variable

Question 46

Types of Variables:

Answer 46

Dependent variable Independent variable Intervening variable Moderating variable Dichotomous variables

Question 47

The outcome or result you're trying to explain. It "depends" on other factors. For example, in a study on job performance, salary might be a dependent variable.

Answer 47

Dependent Variable:

Question 48

The factor you think will influence or cause changes in the dependent variable. For instance, educational level might affect job performance, so it's the independent variable.

Answer 48

Independent Variable:

Question 49

This is something that helps explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It acts as a link or mediator.

Answer 49

Intervening Variable:

Question 50

A variable that changes the strength or direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Answer 50

Moderating Variable:

Question 51

These are variables with two possible categories, like male/female or yes/no.

Answer 51

Dichotomous Variables:

Question 52

Before you gather data, you must get permission from the people involved. __________ means participants agree to take part in research with a full understanding of what's involved, including any risks or benefits. They should know they can withdraw at any time without penalty.

Answer 52

Informed Consent

Question 53

is when minors or vulnerable groups agree to participate in a study. This is typically verbal or written consent, with the understanding that they know what they are getting into.

Answer 53

Assent Similar to informed consent,

Question 54

is a tool used to measure opinions or attitudes by asking people to indicate how strongly they agree or disagree with a series of statements. For example, "Strongly Agree" to "Strongly Disagree" choices.

Answer 54

Likert Scale

Question 55

This happens when a question asks about two things at once, making it unclear how to answer. For example, "Do you like working at your job and being with your coworkers?" This is two questions in one!

Answer 55

Double-Barreled Question

Question 56

is a small group discussion where participants share their views on a specific topic. It's a great way to gather different opinions and learn more about people's thoughts on an issue.

Answer 56

Focus Group Discussion

Question 57

is a statistical process to decide if a hypothesis (an idea you want to test) is true or not. Researchers use two types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis (which suggests no relationship) and the alternative hypothesis (which suggests a relationship exists).

Answer 57

Hypothesis Testing

Question 58

This refers to the number of values that are free to vary in a sample. It helps determine the type of statistical test to use.

Answer 58

Degrees of Freedom

Question 59

happens when research efforts are unintentionally or unnecessanly repeated. For example, conducting a study on criminology students' online class satisfaction when a similar study was already done would be duplication.

Answer 59

Duplication

Question 60

is when researchers repeat a study to verify or build upon the results. This helps confirm findings or check if recommendations made in previous studies worked.

Answer 60

Replication