Discussion 2

Question 1

Your research should come from real-world experiences or observations. This makes your findings more authentic and reliable.

Answer 1

Based on Direct Experience or Observation.

Question 2

Always follow the right research procedures and principles. These are the steps that ensure your study is credible, which will be covered in the next section..

Answer 2

2. Valid Procedures and Principles:

Question 3

A good research project begins with a
problem or question and ends by providing answers or solutions to that problem. This flow ensures your study is focused and purposeful.

Answer 3

3. Starts and Ends with a Problem:

Question 4

Use established methods for collecting and analyzing data. Whether your study is historical, descriptive, experimental, or a case study, ensure the approach is well-tested.

Answer 4

4.Proven Analytical Methods:

Question 5

It’s important to think critically and make decisions based on solid reasoning. Always evaluate the data carefully.

Answer 5

5. Careful Judgment:

Question 6

Conduct your research methodically. This means following clear steps and avoiding personal biases that could affect the results.

Answer 6

6. Systematic and Unbiased:

Question 7

Your research should be able to be repeated by others with similar results. This helps confirm that your findings are valid and not just by chance.

Answer 7

7. Replicable Results:

Question 8

You should be curious and ask deep questions about the world around you. This helps you explore and understand the topic fully.

Answer 8

Critical Thinking

Question 9

Good researchers know when and where to conduct their study, ensuring that the research process is done wisely, efficiently, and economically.

Answer 9

2. Smart and Efficient:

Question 10

Always question the results and findings. Being doubtful about the truthfulness of your results ensures you remain objective and thorough.

Answer 10

3. Healthy Skepticism:

Question 11

Be honest in gathering and analyzing data. Accurate and truthful data leads to trustworthy results.

Answer 11

4. Honesty in Data Collection:

Question 12

Good researchers are always looking for new ways to expand knowledge. Be proactive in conducting research that adds value to the field.

Answer 12

5. Productive and Resourceful:

Question 13

Research follows a specific order. Each stage prepares you for the next, so it’s important to take your time and do each step carefully.

Answer 13

Step-by-Step Approach:

Question 14

you won’t have steps like defining a hypothesis or planning to test it. Instead, your focus will shift to planning the study based on your objectives, not to test a hypothesis

Answer 14

Qualitative Research:

Question 15

are the moral guidelines that ensure research is conducted responsibly and with respect for people, society, and the environment. From the planning stages to the final evaluation of your research, it’s important to follow these principles.

Answer 15

Ethics

Question 16

Always be clear with participants about what your research is about, what will happen during the study, and the purpose behind it. Never deceive them.

Answer 16

1. Be Honest with Participants:

Question 17

Keep any information shared with you confidential. Don’t release personal data unless necessary and with permission.

Answer 17

2. Respect Privacy:

Question 18

If your research involves people or animals who may not fully understand the study’s purpose (like children or vulnerable populations), take extra care to explain everything clearly and make sure they’re comfortable participating.

Answer 18

3. Protect Vulnerable Groups:

Question 19

Never cause harm, stress, or pain to participants or the environment. If an experiment is likely to cause harm, it shouldn’t be conducted unless there is a clear benefit that outweighs the risk.

Answer 19

4. Avoid Harm

Question 20

Always give credit where it’s due. Don’t copy someone else’s work or ideas without properly citing them. Even using just three words from another source without credit is considered plagiarism.

Answer 20

5. No Plagiarism:

Question 21

Only give authorship credit to those who have made a meaningful contribution to the research. Don’t include someone just for the sake of it.

Answer 21

6. Fair Authorship:

Question 22

Once your research is done, make your results available to the public, so others can learn from your findings.

Answer 22

7. Share Results:

Question 23

Don’t let funding sources influence your conclusions. Your findings should be based on facts, not financial interests

Answer 23

8. Avoid Bias from Funding:

Question 24

Always report your findings truthfully. Do not falsify data or manipulate results,

Answer 24

9. Ensure Accuracy:

Question 25

Only publish accurate and verified data in journals or at conferences. Misleading information can harm your reputation and the research community.

Answer 25

10. Publish Truthfully:

Question 26

Respect the intellectual property of colleagues and peers. If you're reviewing someone's work for publication, respect their confidentiality and proprietary rights.

Answer 26

11. Respect Confidentiality:

Question 27

Be mindful of cultural, personal, and social differences. Treat participants with respect, regardless of their background, gender, sexual orientation, age, or status.

Answer 27

12. Cultural Sensitivity:

Question 28

Always ask for permission from participants before involving them in your research. This is crucial for both qualitative and quantitative studies.

Answer 28

13. Get Informed Consent:

Question 29

involves the systematic collection and analysis of numerical data to address specific research questions.

Answer 29

Quantitative research

Question 30

This type of research is primarily used when the goal is to quantify variables such as behaviors, attitudes, opinions, or characteristics, and analyze them using statistical methods. It is particularly effective for answering questions that can be framed in terms of "what," such as "What is the level of crime in a specific area?" or "What are the trends in juvenile delinquency?"

Answer 30

Quantitative research

Question 31

can be used for hypothesis testing, examining causal relationships between variables, and predicting future occurrences or trends. Participants in quantitative studies often include large groups (typically a sample of at least 30), which allows for broader generalization of results. In cases where the population is large, a sample may be selected using random sampling or other sampling techniques.

Answer 31

Quantitative research

Question 32

is designed to describe the characteristics or behaviors of a population or phenomenon without exploring the underlying causes. It provides a clearing realy snapshot of "what" is happening in a particular context.

Answer 32

Descriptive Research

Question 33

the relationship between two or more variables, without implying causation. It determines whether and how variables are associated or related, either positively or negatively, through statistical techniques.

Answer 33

Correlational research investigates

Question 34

When one variable increases, the other also increases. For example, an increase in the number of police patrols may correlate with a reduction in street-level crimes.

Answer 34

Positive correlation:

Question 35

When one variable increases, the other decreases. For example, higher income levels in a community may correlate with lower rates of violent crime

Answer 35

Negative correlation:

Question 36

When two variables are unrelated. For example, the amount of rainfall in a city might not correlate with the number of reported thefts in a year.

Answer 36

No correlation:

Question 37

seeks to compare two or more groups or conditions to identify differences and similarities. This approach allows researchers to evaluate various groups' responses to different variables, interventions, or treatments.

Answer 37

Comparative Research

Question 38

research involves manipulating one or more independent variables to assess their effect on a dependent variable. It typically uses random assignment to control groups and treatment groups to ensure that the results are not influenced by Other variable

Answer 38

Experimental Research

Question 40

research is similar to experimental research but lacks random assignment to treatment or control groups. This design is often used when assignment is not feasible due to ethical, practical, or logistical reasons. Instead, researchers use existing groups or conditions to compare the impact of an or treatment.

Answer 40

Quasi-Experimental Research

Question 41

plays a critical role in criminology by allowing researchers to quantify variables, test hypotheses, and examine the relationships between different factors.

Answer 41

Quantitative research

Question 42

research is used primarily to explore and understand complex phenomena by addressing the "why" and "how" of a situation. It helps to uncover motivations, opinions, feelings, and underlying causes behind human behavior. This type of research is especially valuable when trying to understand the deeper aspects of a problem, uncover perspectives that are difficult to quantify, and develop ideas that can inform further investigation or interventions, gran yung mga speople case ng community, whois the effect

Answer 42

Qualitative Research

Question 43

research is crucial, especially for law enforcement personnel who seek to understand criminal behavior, victim experiences, or community responses It involves methods that allow for a detailed exploration of social phenomena and interactions, often in natural settings, rather than controlled environments. The data collected from qualitative studies is often non-numerical, usually comprising words, actions, pictures, or objects, and is gathered through techniques like interviews, case studies, or participant observation.

Answer 43

Qualitative Research

Question 44

focuses on understanding the essence of individuals' lived experiences, especially in relation to a specific phenomenon. The goal is to explore how people experience, interpret, and make sense of their reality, often in relation to particular events or circumstances

Answer 44

1. Phenomenological Research

Question 45

involves studying people within their natural environment to gain insight into their cultural and social dynamics. The researcher immerses themselves in the daily life of the group they are studying, observing behaviors, interactions, and routines in their real-world context

Answer 45

2. Ethnography

Question 46

is aimed at developing a theory that explains a specific phenomenon or or process grounded in empirical data. Unlike traditional research methods that start with hypotheses, grounded theory is developed inductively, meaning the theory emerges as the researcher collects and analyzes data.

Answer 46

3. Grounded Theory

Question 47

study on the coping strategies of drug addicts in recovery. Examining social

Answer 47

grounded theory

Question 48

focus on the in-depth examination of a specific individual, group, event, or community. It involves a thorough investigation, often using multiple data sources, to understand the complexities of the case in context.

Answer 48

Case studies

Question 49

is the detailed study of an individual's life, often involving a narrative of their personal history. This approach focuses on the significant life events and personal experiences of the subject, placing these experiences in a broader social and historical.context.

Answer 49

Biographical research

Question 50

involves a comprehensive and methodical examination of existing research on a particular topic. This type of review aims to identify, evaluate, and synthesize the findings from relevant studies to provide a clear overview of a particular issue or body of knowledge.

Answer 50

A systematic literature review

Question 51

offers rich, detailed insights into human experiences, behaviors, and social phenomena that quantitative research alone cannot capture. Its flexibility in exploring the complexities of social life makes it invaluable in criminology, particularly when studying crimes, victimization, and social issues. The variety of qualitative research types-phenomenological, ethnographic, grounded theory, case study. biographical study, and systematic literature review-each serve different purposes and

Answer 51

Qualitative research