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Medicine Through Time > Disease And Infection > Flashcards

Disease And Infection Flashcards

0
Q

What is a rational response to medicine?

A

A treatment based on common sense, evidence and the world around them

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1
Q

What did the Egyptians think caused disease?

A

Blocked channels like the Nile, gods especially Sekhmet, evil spirits

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2
Q

What is an irrational response to medicine?

A

A treatment based on spirits or supernatural ideas

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3
Q

Who did the Egyptians go to for cures?

A

Women, the rich had daughter

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4
Q

How did the Egyptians ward off disease?

A

Wearing charms and amulets, praying

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5
Q

Who did prehistoric go to for cures?

A

Medicine men

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6
Q

What did the prehistoric believe caused disease?

A

Evil spirits

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7
Q

What is trepanning?

A

A surgical operation of drilling into the skull, to ‘relieve spirits’ or headaches

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8
Q

What are the factors?

A 
War
Superstition and religion
Individual
Chance
Science and technology
Government
Communication
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9
Q

What is metu?

A

Channels that carry air, blood and many other fluids- veins as we know them

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10
Q

What is wehedu?

A

Bad substances that cause illness, rotten food and faeces

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11
Q

What are channels?

A

Connected to the heart to the rest of the body, known as metu

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12
Q

Who was Asclepios? Asclepion?

A

Greek god of healing, a temple of Asclepios where people prayed to be cured

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13
Q

In ancient Egypt who had doctors?

A

Rich and poor

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14
Q

In ancient Egypt what key ideas did the Hippocratic doctors use

A

Observation, recorded symptoms and made notes, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment
Minimal intervention

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15
Q

What was regimen in ancient Greece?

A

A healthy lifestyle

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16
Q

What is the four humours? Who thought it up?

A

Body had to be kept in balance, Hippocrates, Galen

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17
Q

What were the four humours?

A

Yellow bile (vomit), black bile (faeces), phlegm (snot), blood (red noses, flushed face)

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18
Q

What did the Romans use?

A

Four humours, Asclepion

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19
Q

Who treated sick in the Middle Ages?

A

Wealthy- physicians, doctors

Poor- wives, mothers, other wise women some quack doctors, apothecary (chemist)

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20
Q

What new ideas were used in treating the sick in the Middle Ages?

A

Urine charts, astrology

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21
Q

Who were quack doctors?

A

Travelling doctors, didn’t usually cure illnesses, usually expensive

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22
Q

What did people blame for disease in Middle Ages?

A

Star charts, immoral behaviour, gods punishment

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23
Q

What was key about the doctors in the Middle Ages?

A

All doctors had to be licensed by a university and women were not allowed to go to the university

24
Q

What is inoculation?

A

When you give someone a small amount of a disease to make their body make antibodies so that you don’t get a bad case of it later

25
Q

What is vaccination?

A

When you give someone a dose of a related or similar disease to create antibodies so they do not get the more serious disease

26
Q

When was Jenner’s inoculation first tried? On who?

A

1796, James Phipps

27
Q

Who was Lady Montagu?

A

Brought inoculations over to England in 18th century

28
Q

Why did doctors like inoculation?

A

Made them rich

29
Q

When were vaccination made free for infants?

A

1840

30
Q

When were vaccinations made compulsory for infants?

A

1853

31
Q

When was smallpox eradicated?

A

1979

32
Q

When did Nightingale do her work? What did she do?

A

Crimean war, cleaned war hospitals, set up Royal College of Nursing

33
Q

When was Seacole?

A

Crimean war

34
Q

When was Pasteur employed to find out why sugar beet in fermenting alcohol soured? Why was it important?

A

1857, led to germ theory

35
Q

When did Pasteur develop the Germ theory?

A

1861

36
Q

When did Pasteur create the chicken cholera vaccine?

A

1879

37
Q

What did Koch use?

A

Dyeing techniques

38
Q

What did Koch identify?

A

Anthrax spores 1875
Septicaemia 1882
Tuberculosis 1882
Cholera 1883

39
Q

Why was the search for new disease between Koch and Pasteur heightened?

A

The German vs French war

40
Q

When did Ehrlich set out to find the chemicals that could act as synthesised antibodies?

A

1889

41
Q

When was the spirochete bacterium that caused syphilis identified?

A

1905

42
Q

When did Hata join Ehrlichs team?

A

1909

43
Q

When was the first magic bullet first tried on a human?

A

1911

44
Q

What was the name of the first magic bullet?

A

Salvarsan 606

45
Q

When did Fleming find the fungus on a dish of staphylococci?

A

1928

46
Q

When did Fleming discover the antiseptic qualities in tears and what was it called?

A

1922, lysozyme

47
Q

What did Domagk find and when?

A

A red dye, prontosil, to stop streptococcus in 1932

48
Q

What happened to Domagk in 1935?

A

His daughter pricked herself with a needle and caught streptococcus, he gave her prontosil, she recovered but turned red

49
Q

What were the side effects of prontosil?

A

Effected the liver and kidneys

50
Q

What did Florey and Chain develop?

A

The freeze-drying technique

51
Q

Why did Florey and Chain know penicillin would be important?

A

It would be needed to treat soldiers in world war 2

52
Q

Why didn’t Britain support the mass production of penicillin?

A

It was too busy making explosives

53
Q

Why did America help with the mass production of penicillin?

A

When it joined the war in 1941

54
Q

When was the mass production of penicillin sufficient for military needs?

A

1944

55
Q

When did Florey, Chain and Fleming get a Nobel prize?

A

1945

56
Q

When was the structure of DNA first described?

A

1953

57
Q

Whose works did Crick and Watson rely heavily on?

A

Rosalind Franklin

Maurice Wilkins

58
Q

When did Wilkins, Crick and Watson share a Nobel prize for physiology or medicine?

A

1962

Medicine Through Time (4 decks)

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