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Medicine Through Time > Surgery And Anatomy > Flashcards

Surgery And Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

What anatomy did the Egyptians know about?

A

Brain, lungs, heart, stomach, kidneys, bowels, liver

Veins but knew them as metu

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1
Q

What operations did the prehistoric do?

A

Set broken bones, trepanning

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2
Q

What type of surgery could the prehistoric and Egyptians do?

A

Simple

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3
Q

What type of surgery could Romans do?

A

Simple surgery and amputations

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4
Q

What did the Romans use as anaesthetic?

A

Opium

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5
Q

What was the problem with surgery in Roman times?

A

People died from infections

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6
Q

What did Galen prove about the brain? On what?

A

That the brain controls the nerves in the body, pig

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7
Q

How accurate was Galen?

A

80%

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8
Q

What were some of Galen’s mistakes?

A

Blood crossed from one side to the other via the sternum

The human jaw has two bones

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9
Q

Why did Galen make some of his mistakes?

A

He dissected monkeys and other animals

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10
Q

What were barber surgeons?

A

Cut hair and did simple surgery

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11
Q

What kind of surgery could barber surgeons do?

A

Pull teeth, remove abscesses, amputations, eye injuries

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12
Q

When did barber surgeons first appear?

A

Middle Ages

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13
Q

What did they use as anaesthetic?

A

Alcohol and opium

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14
Q

Why was surgery not good in the Middle Ages?

A

Died from infection in wounds

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15
Q

What books did Europeans use in Middle Ages?

A

Galens

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16
Q

Why was Galen’s work used in Middle Ages?

A

Church promoted it and had strong influence

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17
Q

What new anatomy did Ibn-al-Nafis give?

A

Blood went through lungs

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18
Q

When was Ibn-al-Nafis?

A

Middle Ages

13th century

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19
Q

What did the Islamic empire have in the Middle Ages Europe didn’t?

A

Medical schools

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20
Q

When Paré born?

A

1510

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21
Q

What did Paré use to stop blood loss?

A

Ligatures, tied off vessels with threads

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22
Q

What did Paré design?

A

Sophisticated artificial limbs

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23
Q

What was cauterisation?

A

Burning ends with red hot iron

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24
Q

What did Paré do instead of cauterisation?

A

Used eggs, rose water and turpentine instead of palm oil

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25
Q

Why did Paré invent the new cauterisation?

A

He ran out of oil

26
Q

Where was Vesalius professor?

A

Padua university

27
Q

What was Vesalius allowed to do?

A

Human dissections but he couldn’t boil bodies for skeletons

28
Q

What did Vesalius write and when?

A

‘The fabric of the human body’ in 1543

29
Q

What was innovative about Vesalius’ book?

A

accurate diagrams

30
Q

What did Vesalius correct about anatomy?

A

Blood goes through lungs not septum

31
Q

What did Harvey focus on?

A

Circulation of the blood

32
Q

Who was Harvey a royal physician to?

A

James 1

Charles 1

33
Q

What did Harvey say about the colour of blood?

A

Changed colour as went through the lungs

34
Q

What did Harvey identify about blood vessels?

A

Difference between veins and arteries

35
Q

What did Harvey also say about circulation?

A

Valves so blood couldn’t go backward
Heart was pump
Circulated

36
Q

When did Harvey write his book?

A

1628

37
Q

Who identified nitrous oxide for anaesthetic?

A

Davy

38
Q

When and who discovered ether for anaesthetic?

A

Crawford long, 1842

39
Q

Who discovered chloroform and when for anaesthetic?

A

Simpson 1847

40
Q

Who discovered cocaine as an anaesthetic and when?

A

Halstead 1884

41
Q

What did Semmelweis use on hands?

A

Chloride of lime solution

42
Q

What did lister use in operating theatres?

A

Carbolic acid

43
Q

When did Lister hear about germ theory?

A

1865

44
Q

What was Listers use of carbolic acid?

A

Antiseptics

45
Q

When were antiseptics being used in most European and American surgeries?

A

By 1890’s

46
Q

What did Halstead invent in 1889?

A

Surgical gloves

47
Q

When did Rontgen discover x-rays?

A

1895

48
Q

Who discovered radioactive isotopes?

A

Becquerel
Pierre
Marie curie

49
Q

What do radioactive isotopes do?

A

Treat cancer as part of radiotherapy
Immunosuppression
Tracers in diagnosis

50
Q

When were blood groups discovered?

A

1900

51
Q

Who discovered blood groups?

A

Landsteiner

52
Q

When was sodium citrate found and what did it do to blood?

A

Ww1

Stopped blood clotting in air allowing it to be stored more easily

53
Q

When was the British National Blood Transfusion Service established?

A

1946

54
Q

Who did McIndoe treat?

A

Burn patients

55
Q

What was McIndoe famous for?

A

Plastic surgery

56
Q

When was the first kidney transplant?

A

1951

57
Q

When was the first heart transplant?

A

1967

58
Q

How long did the first heart transplant patient live for?

A

18 days

59
Q

When was cyclosporin approved as an immunosuppressant drug?

A

1983

60
Q

When was keyhole surgery developed?

A

1980’s

61
Q

Why is key hole surgery better?

A

Less invasive
Smaller scars
Quicker recovery

62
Q

What is an example of keyhole surgery?

A 
Endoscope to see inside body
Vasectomies
Removing appendix
Mending hernias
Removing cysts

Medicine Through Time (4 decks)

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