Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

repro and sexual health > diseases > Flashcards

diseases Flashcards

1
Q

why does ovarian torsions occur

A

due to hypermobility of the ovary or
adnexal mass, most commonly a dermoid cyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

investigation for ovarian torsion

A

bloods- raised white cells
US- initial imaging of choice (whirlpool sign)
CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

management of ovarian torsion

A

urgent surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is HCG secreted from

A

syncytiotrophoblast
it acts to maintain the production of progesterone by the corpus luteum in early pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of origin is ovarian cancer

A

epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

risk factors for ovarian cancer

A

family history: BRAC
many ovulations: early menarche, late menopause, nullipartity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

70 year old with dragging sensation down below and incontinence

A

uterine prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

management of prolapse

A

lifestyle- wt loss, stop smoking, avoid heavy lifting
oestrogens- only is symptomatic atrophic vaginitis
pelvic floor exercises
pessaries- if unfit for surg
surgical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

treatment of urge incontinence

A

mainly lifestyle and bladder retraining
medications- antimuscarinics (oxybutynin and tolterodine), B3 agonists
posterial tibial nerve stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

investigations for disrupted uterine bleeding

A

if regular cycle do a midluteal progesterone
if an irregular cycle doe a progesterone challenge test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hypothalamic causes for DUB

A

genetic causes
idiopathic hypogondaotrophic hypogondsim
kallmas syndrome- lack of smell
other factors- anorexia, bulimia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

results in hypothalamic cause of DUB

A

low everything- GnRH, low FSH, low LH, low oestrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

results in pituitary caused DUB

A

high GnRH, low FSH, low LH, low oestrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

causes of pituitary DUB

A

drugs- dopamine antagonists
sheehan’s syndrome
prolactinoma
pituitary adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ovarian causes of DUB

A

PCOS
premature ovarian failure
congenital
tubal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

criteria for diagnosing PCOS

A

rotterdam criteria
1. oligo/amenorrhoea
2. hyperandrogenism- hirsutism (increased free testosterone)
3. evidence of Polycystic ovaries on USS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

clinical features of PCOS

A

obesity
hirsutism
acne
cycle abnormalities
infertility
insulin resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

treatment of PCOS

A

lifestyle- wt loss
NOT wanting a family: OCP (dianette if hirsutism), metformin
wanting a family: clomifene citrate +/- metformin, (2nd line gonadotrophin therapy, 3rd line IVF/laparoscopic drilling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is premature ovarian failure

A

menopause <40 years old
decrease in oestrogen
increase in FSH >30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

causes of premature ovarian failure

A

idiopathic
chemo/radiotherapy
genetic: turners syndrome, fragile X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

treatment of premature ovarian failure

A

HRT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

infective causes of tubal disease

A

PID
transperitoneal spread
post-procedure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

non-infective causes of tubal disease

A

endometriosis
surgical (sterilisation/ectopic)
fibroids/polyps
congenital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

presentation of PID

A

fever, pain, discharge, cervical excitation, deep dyspareunia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

complications of PID

A

infertility
hydrosalpinx
ectopic pregnancy
chronic pain
abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

management of PID

A

High risk of GC or <18 years – IM ceftriaxone
500mg IM single dose then doxycycline 100mg bd + metronidazole 400mg bd (14 days)

Low risk of GC - Ofloxacin 400mg bd + metronidazole 400mg bd (14days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

endometriosis presentation

A

dysmennorrhoea, menorrhagia, dyspareunia, painful defecation, pelvic pain is cyclical (tissue under hormonal influence), bloating and distension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

investigations for endometriosis

A

USS- chocolate cysts on ovary, diagnostic laparoscopy- definitive investigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

treatment of endometriosis

A
  1. COCP/mirena IUD + NSAIDs
  2. GnRH agonist eg goserelin- not if they want to get pregnant
  3. laparoscopic ablation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is adenomyosis

A

endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium also presents with menorrhagia and dysmenorrhoea (boggy uterus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is leiomyoma

A

benign smooth muscle
growth is oestrogen dependent
presents with pain, menorrhagia, infertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is endometritis

A

plasma cells in endometrial stroma
infective until proven otherwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

primary treatment of dysmenorrhoea

A

NSAIDs
COCP is pretty definitive treatment

34
Q

first line of menorrhagia

A

mirena IUS
2nd line: tranexamic acid
3rd line: IM progestogens

35
Q

what is cervical extropion

A

physiological condition
get squamous metaplasia of the endocervical columnar epithelium
caused by vaginal acidity
exacerbated by increase in oestrogen (pregnancy of COCP)

36
Q

what do infected cells in HPV show

A

koilocytosis- paler cells with oddly shaped nuclei

37
Q

what strains does the HPV vaccine protect against

A

HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18

38
Q

plan if HPV screen is negative

A

repeat screen in 5 years

39
Q

plan if HPV screen is positive

A

do cytology
> if positive then do coloposcopy
> if negative recall for screening in 1 year

40
Q

precursor for Squamous cervical cancer

A

CIN

41
Q

adenocarcinoma of cervix

A

rarer
higher SE, smoking
HPV 18
later onset sexual activity

42
Q

symptoms of cervical cancer

A

abnormal bleeding particularly post coital
blood stained discharge
contact bleeding
pelvic pain
haemeaturia
ureteric obstruction

43
Q

how is spread of cervical cancer determined

A

FIGO staging system
- first locally, then liver, lungs and bone

44
Q

vulvar paget’s disease

A

crusting rash
sharp demarcation- intraepithelial adenocarcinoma

45
Q

‘Beads-on-a-string’ sign on USS

A

chronic salpingitis- mural nodules appearing as beads and the relatively thin wall appearing as string

46
Q

fibroids on USS

A

hypoechoic masses

47
Q

snow storm on imaging

A

hydatidiform mole

48
Q

what is a bartholins cyst/abscess

A

build up of mucus secretion can cause the duct of the gland to become become blocked

49
Q

where are bartholin’s cysts found

A

4 and 8 o’clock positions

50
Q

presentations of bartholin’s cyst

A

typically soft, fluctuant and non-tender

51
Q

presentation of bartholin’s abscess

A

typically tense and hard with surrounding cellulitis

52
Q

management if the bartholins cyst of abscess keep coming back

A

surgical procedure- marsupialisation

53
Q

risk factors for uterine cancer

A

unopposed oestrogen (obestity, nulliparity, early menarche/late menopause, tamoxifen, PCOS) and lynch sundrome

54
Q

what is protective against uterine cancer

A

COCP

55
Q

peak incidence of entometrial cancer

A

50-60 years
if in young women, consider underlying predisposition- PCOS or lynch

56
Q

types of endometrial cancer

A

endometrioid and mucinous carcinoma
serous and clear cell carcinoma

57
Q

most common presentation of endometrial cancer

A

postmenopausal bleeding

58
Q

general presentations for endometrial cancer

A

postcoital bleeding
intermenstrual bleeding
unusually heavy menstrual bleeding
abnormal vaginal discharge
haematuria
anaemia
raised platelet count

59
Q

what is a endometrioid carcinoma

A

oestrogen driven cancer with a good prognosis

60
Q

what is a serious carcinoma

A

NOT oestrogen driven but TP53 mutation, more aggressive cancer and worse prognosis

61
Q

what is a fibroid

A

benign smooth muscle tumour in the uterus

62
Q

presenting complaint with fibroids

A

menorrhagia, uterine mass (bulky), infertility, pain (torsion or red degeneration)

63
Q

what is red degeneration

A

occurs at pregnancy and menopause due to thrombosis of venous blood supply- bed rest and analgesia

64
Q

risk factors for ovarian cancer

A

think more cycles more risk
older age
young first pregnancy
nulliparity
obesity

65
Q

types of ovarian cancers

A

epithelial cell tumours
dermoid/germ cell tumours
sex cord-stromal tumours
metastasis

66
Q

epithelial cell ovarian tumours

A

arise from epithelial cells
most common
- serous tumours- most common subtype
- also endometrioid, clear cell, mucinous, undifferentiated

67
Q

dermoid cysts/ germ cell ovarian tumours

A

benign ovarian tumours
teratomas- come from germ cells
associated with ovarian torsion

68
Q

blood tests in germ cell ovarian tumours

A

may cause raised alpha fetoprotein and HCG

69
Q

krukenberg tumour

A

metastasis in ovary usually from GI tract cancer
signet-ring cells on histology

70
Q

type of ovarian cancer arising from stroma

A

granulose cell (oestrogen), theca/leydig cell (androgen), fibroma (meig’s syndrome)

71
Q

yellow benign ovarian cancer

A

benign

72
Q

most common ovarian cancer

A

serous

73
Q

most common ovarian cancer under 25 years old

A

teratoma

74
Q

meigs syndrome

A

triad of benign ovarian tumour, ascites, pleural effusion

75
Q

RMI for ovarian cancer

A

risk of malignancy index
menopausal status, USS, CA125

76
Q

normal flora of the vagina

A

lactobacilus
group B strep
small number of candida
strep viridans groups

77
Q

risk factors for candida

A

antibiotics
poorly controlled diabetes
high oestrogen levels
immunocompromised

78
Q

presentation of candida

A

itchy and white discharge

79
Q

treatment of candida

A

Reassure
Clotrimazole 500mg pessary OR Fluconazole 150mg stat
Clotrimazole 1% cream for external symptoms
Worsening/recurring advice

80
Q

what is BV

A

gardnarella vaginitis/anaerobes- get an imbalance of flora

81
Q

presentation of BV

A

thin watery discharge and stinks of fish

82
Q

management of BV

A

Reassure
Metronidazole 400mg bd 5/7
Worsening/recurring advice

repro and sexual health (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions