Diseases/Clinical Stuff Flashcards
(45 cards)
1
Q
- Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder caused by a reduced number in functioning Ach receptor sites as antibodies block receptors -> affects postsynaptic neuromuscular junction
- Signs: fatigue and muscle weakness esp during activity that starts usually with eye muscles, may involve de-involuted thymus.
- Can be treated with an immunosuppressant and Ach esterase inhibitors.
A
Myasthenia gravis
2
Q
- autoimmune
- Demyelination of axons resulting in conduction system problems
- Symptoms: Tingling, numbness, muscle weakness/spasms, difficulties with coordination and balance, can impair respiration
A
Multiple Scerlosis
3
Q
- cortisol induces the Type 2 penumocyte development
- main cause is lack of surfactant (so too few type 2 cells) -> alveoli collapse on each successive exhalation
- breathing is difficuly
- Most cases are seen in babies born before 28 weeks! It is very uncommon in infants born full-term (at 40 weeks)
A
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
4
Q
- dysfunction of microtubules resulting from absence in dynein arms in cilia so cilia lose their mobility and cannot move mucous out of their lungs and other organs
- symptoms: situs inversus, hearing loss, infertility, respiratory infections
A
Kartagener Syndrome/Primary Cilia dyskinesia
5
Q
common recessive genetic disease caused by mutation in the gene for the CFTR protein -> defective Cl- channel that results in the mucous losing hydration, becomes more viscous and accumulates -> traps bacteria. Also affects sweat and digestive juices, so sweat test is used to detect defective chloride ion channel
- symptoms: dyspnea (difficulty breathing), infertility, chronic resp infections, many other signs GERD, dyspnea, groeth failure, vitamin deficiencies
A
Cystic Fibrosis
6
Q
- lung condition characterized by permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole.
- enlargement caused by chronic obstruction of airflow, narrowing of bronchioles and its accompanied by destruction of alveolar wall -> loss of gas exchange area “barrel chest”
- Small airways in thelungs collapse during forced exhalation
- lack of alpha-1 antitrysin to protect against neutrophils leads to loss of elastic fibers and chronic bronchitis
- Symptoms includeshortness of breathon exertion, and anexpanded chest
- a hyperresonant sound is heard
A
Emphysema
7
Q
- Hypersecretion of aldosterone
- Often caused by a non-cancerous tumor
- Most common between the ages of 30 and 50
- Symptoms: fatigue, headache, low serum potassium, high blood pressure, intermittent paralysis, muscle weakness, and numbness.
A
Hyperaldosteronism
8
Q
- Excess production of corticosteroids
- Often due to overproduction of ACTH by a pituitary adenoma
- Symptoms: weight gain in the face, moon face, above the collar bone and on the back of the neck, skin changes with easy bruising, excess hair growth on the face, neck, chest, abdomen, and thigh, generalized weakness and fatigue, loss of muscles, menstrual disorders in women, decreased fertility and/or sex drive, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar.
A
Cushing’s Syndrome
9
Q
- Tumor of chromaffin cells
- Excessive production of epinephrine (medullary reg of suprarenal gland)
- Symptoms: high blood pressure, headaches, excess sweating, racing heart, rapid breathing, anxiety, nervousness, pain in the lower chest or upper abdomen, nausea, orheat intolerance
A
Pheochromocytoma
10
Q
high K
A
hypoaldosteronism
11
Q
- Condition in which cells from the lining of theuterusappear and flourish outside theuterine cavity, most commonly on the ovaries.
- These cells in areas outside the uterus are influenced by hormonal changes and respond in a way that is similar to the cells found inside the uterus. Symptoms often worsen with the menstrual cycle.
- typically seen during the reproductive years.
- Symptoms: pelvic painin various manifestations.
A
Endometriosis
12
Q
-most common gynecologic cancers in the United States
A
Endometrial Cancer
13
Q
- Benign tumorsthat originate from the myometrium and the accompanying connective tissue of theuterus.
- most common benign tumors in females and typically found during the middle and later reproductive years.
A
uterine fibroids
14
Q
-Common: chances are 1 in 6 during lifetime
Incidence increases with age: likelihood is 70% between 70 and 80 years of age
-Affects primarily the peripheral zone of the prostate
-PSA
-Often metastasizes to vertebral column
A
Prostatic Cancer
15
Q
- From stratum basale
- Most common- 1 in 3 -caucasians
- Rarely metastisizes
- Raised, smooth, pearly bump on the sun-exposed skin
A
basal cell carcinoma
16
Q
- From stratum spinosum
- Second most common skin cancer
- May also been found on lips, in mouth or digestive tract
- Red, scaling, thickened patch on sun-exposed skin
- Ulceration and bleeding may occur
A
squamous cell carcinoma
17
Q
From melanocytes Usually brown or black "ABCDE” A= asymmetrical B= "borders" (irregular) C= "color" (variegated) D= "diameter“ > 6mm E= enlarging Relatively rare, poor prognosis
A
melanoma
18
Q
-Iron deficiency Most common (20% of women of reproductive age) GI blood loss- occult blood test -Globin synthesis Thalassemia Autosomal recessive Mediterranean decent
A
microcytc anemia
19
Q
-Blood loss/hemorrhage
-kidney failure
Aplastic
A
normocytic anemia
20
Q
- B12/folic acid deficiency
- Pernicious anemia (lack of intrinsic factor, gastric bypass)
A
macrocytic anemia or megaloblastic
21
Q
- Increased RBCs
- Can be due to too much erythropoietin
- Symptoms itching, gouty arthritis
- Enlarged liver and/or spleen
- Hematocrit may be as high as 70%
- Chemotherapy can induce AML in young people
A
Polycythemia vera
22
Q
- Most common type of leukemia in young children
- Also affects adults especially over 65
- Standard treatments involve chemotherapy and radiation
- Survival rates vary by age: 85% in children and 50% in adults.
A
ALL
23
Q
- Affects adults over the age of 55 (sometimes younger but never children)
- Two-thirds of affected people are men
- The five-year survival rate is 75%
- Incurable but many effective treatments
A
CLL
24
Q
- More common in adults than children
- More common in men than women
- Treated with chemotherapy
- 5 year survival is 40%
A
AML
25
- Occurs mainly in adults
- Treatment is with imatinib (Gleevec in US, Glivec in Europe)
- 5 year survival rate is 90%
- band cells and neutrophils
CML
26
-Infectious, widespread viral disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to which more than 90% of adults have been exposed.
-Characterized by fever, sore throat, fatigue and potential splenomegaly.
Confirmed by blood count: >50% lymphocytes 10% of which have irregular large nuclei.
Mononucleosis
27
- Viral coat protein GP120 binds to CD4
- Infects helper T cells and some macrophages
- Macrophages can act as a reservoir for the virus
- Loss of T helper cells leads to loss of specific immunity
- Infected microglia cause dementia
- low levels of CD4+ T cells
HIV-AIDS
28
- Symptoms include increased metabolic rate, weight loss, exophthalmus, heart racing, hand tremors, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, thinning of the skin, fine brittle hair
- thyroid hormones overstimulate metabolism and exacerbates the effect of the sympathetic nervous system, causing "speeding up" of various body systems
hyperthyroidism
29
the most common form or cause of hyperthyroidism, autoantibodies bind and stimulate the TSH receptor
Graves Disease
30
- Iodine deficiency
- It can result from a lack of a thyroid gland or from iodine-131 treatment, and can also be associated with increased stress.
- symptoms: Cold intolerance, Weight gain, Bradycardia, Fatigue, Depression
hypothyroidism
31
- single major disease of parathyroid glands is overactivity of one or more of the parathyroid lobes, which make too much parathyroid hormone, causing a potentially serious calcium imbalance.
- Hypercalcimia, kidney stones, fatigue, depression, osteoporosis
hyperparathyroidism
32
-Mutation in hemoglobin gene
-Causes polymerization under low oxygen tension
Cells are bent out of their normal shape
-May become lodged causing ischemia
-May cause hemolysis causing anemia
-May cause asplenia which results in impaired immunity
-Heterogenity confers immunity to malaria- gene is common in populations which come from areas where malaria is endemic
Sickle Cell Disease
33
lack of ADH
diabetes inspidus
34
- Loss of neurons in substantia nigra
- Accumulation of alpha-synuclein produces Lewy bodies
- Difficulty initiating movement due to lack of dopaminergic neurons
- Resting tremor
- As disease progresses there is decreased cognitive function
- Treated with L-dopa
Parkinson Disease
35
- Most common form of dementia
- Neurofibrillary tangles
- Accumulation of beta amyloid forming plaques
- Neuroinflammation
- Insulin resistance
Alzheimer Disease
36
infected microglia produce cytokines that kill neurons
HIV dementia
37
rarest gyn cancer
worst prognosis
germinal epithelium origin
ovarian cancer
38
HPV, avoidable with exams
cervical cancer
39
ciliary dyskinesia may result in ____ or ____ because can't propel the ovum
infertility or ectopic pregnancy
40
acidophilic adenomas can affect what hormones and can cause what?
GH - giantism
| prolactin- abnormal milk production
41
basophilic adenomas can affect what hormones and can cause what?
TSH - hyperthyroidism
| ACTH - Cushing's disease
42
- increased pressure
- impedes venous drainage
- results in neuronal death
glaucoma
43
-excess of sorbitol accumlates in lens fibers and reduces solubility leading to opacity
cataracts
44
loss of central vision
macular degeneration
45
- The optic nerve is encased in a dural sheath and the subarachnoid space is continuous with that of the brain
- Increased CSF pressure causes the optic disc to bulge
papilledema
