Shelf Review Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Which stain: nuclei, ribosomes blue, mitochondria red
A
H&E
2
Q
Which stain: collagen -blue
A
Trichrome
3
Q
Which stain: glycoproteins magenta
A
PAS
4
Q
Which stain: blood
A
Wright’s Stain
5
Q
Which stain: stains elastic fibers
A
Elastic stain
6
Q
Which stain: stains antibodies to specific molecules
A
Immunohistochemistry
7
Q
Where is energy produced?
A
mitochondria
8
Q
Where are proteins produced?
A
Rough ER
9
Q
Where are lipids produced?
A
Smooth ER
10
Q
Where do packaging and transport of proteins occur?
A
gogli apparatus
11
Q
Where is rRNA?
A
nucleolus
12
Q
Where is Desmin found?
A
muscle
13
Q
Where are tonofilaments or cytokeratins found?
A
epithelium
14
Q
Where is vimentin found?
A
mesnchymal cells
15
Q
Where are neurofilaments found?
A
neurons
16
Q
Where are glial filaments found?
A
glial cells
17
Q
What do tight/occluding junctions do?
A
prevent passage
18
Q
What is this? What happens here?
A
mitochondria; energy storage
19
Q
What is this? What happens here?
A
rER; protein formation
20
Q
What is this? What happens here?
A
lipid synthesis
21
Q
What is this? What happens here?
A
Golgi apparatus; packaging and transport of proteins
22
Q
What is the dark circle? What is found here?
A
Nucleolus; rRNA
23
Q
Know each zone in this picture!
A
24
Q
What do gap/communicating jxns do?
A
permit transfer of molecules
25
spot weld, plaque, insertion of filaments
Desmosomes
26
anchor to basement membrane via integrins
Hemidesmosomes-
27
What type of cell are mast cells unique to?
basophils
28
What type of cell is this?
* Respond to IgE
* Trigger inflammatory responses
* Increases capillary permeability
* Causes swelling
* Facilitates migration of immune cells into the area
Mast cell
29
Know this picture!
Sarcomere- Z discs to Z disc is one
I band appears to shrink – light - actin only
A (actin and myosin) stays same and H band smaller
M line holds myosine fibers together
30
Basophilic staining regions around the cell body composed of RER
Nissl bodies
31
What 4 types of glial cells compose the CNS?
* Astrocytes
* Oligodendrocytes
* Microglia
* Ependymal cells
32
What 2 types of cells compose the PNS?
* Schwann cells
* Satellite cells
33
What do Astrocytes do?
Regulate the environment
34
What do Oligodendrocytes do?
Provide myelination
35
What do Microglia do?
immune cells
36
What do Ependymal cells do?
line ventricular system
37
What do Schwann cells do?
provide myelination
38
What do Satellite cells do?
regulate the enviornment
39
What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier?
It is essential for protecting the brain from the effects of circulating neurotransmitters
40
What type of molecules cross the blood-brain barrier easily? What is an example of them?
•Hydrophobic molecules cross more easily –E.g. steroid hormones
41
What are the components of the blood-brain barrier?
–Tight junctions between endothelial cells
–Basement membrane
–Astroglial foot processes
42
What hormone initiaties secretion of milk in the mammary gland?
prolactin
43
What hormome ejects milk from the mammary gland?
oxytocin
44
What role does igA play between a mother and infant
it confers passive immunity to the infant
45
where is igA produced?
plasma cells
46
Where is lactose produced and released?
produced in the Golgi and released into the alveolar lumen
47
Which class of antibody is carried in the blood?
igG
48
Which class of antibodies is in secretions?
IgA
49
Which class of antibodies does not cross the placenta?
igM
50
What class if antibodies triggers mast cell degranulation, inflammation
IgE
51
What class of antibodies are surface receptor on immature B cells, indicates specificity?
IgD
52
Where are self-reactive T cells eliminated?
The thymus
53
CD8+ binds to what?
CD4+ binds to what?
CD8+ binds to MHC1 (cytotoxic)
CD4+ binds to MHC2 (helper)
54
What type of fibers does the thymus not have?
reticular fibers - epithelial cells
55
What three parts make up the thymus?
Capsule -
•Encapsulated organ in the mediastinum subdivided by connective tissue septa into lobes
Cortex -
•Lobes have cortex, where basophilic lymphocytes are dense and medulla with fewer lymphocytes
Medulla -
•Medulla characterized by the scattered presence of distinct thymic (Hassel’s)corpuscles
56
What type of epithelium makes up the respiratory epithelium?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
57
What types of cells are found in respiratory epithelium?
ciliated columnar cells
goblet cells
stem cells
58
What does the respiratory epithelium rest on?
basement membrane
59
What type of epithelium is this?
Respiratory epithelium
- it is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
60
What type od respiratory epithelial cell is this?
* Regulate bronchial secretion, SM contraction, ciliary activity, chemoreception
* More common in fetal lung, decrease in # at birth
Small granule cell/neuroendocrine
61
What type of respiratory epithelial cell is this?
•Most numerous cells in conductive respiratory epithelium
Ciliated cell
62
What type of respiratory epithelial cell is this?
prodouces mucous
goblet cells
63
What type of respiratory epithelial cell is this?
•Mitotic stem cells for other types •Most frequent in large passages •90% of lung cancers involve this cell
basal cells
64
What do Clara cells do? Where are they found?
–Produce surfactant
–Produce enzymes that break down mucus
–Detoxify the air
–Secrete IgA and lysozyme
–Regulate inflammatory responses
found in terminal bronchioles
65
What do Type 1 alveolar cells do?
They allow gas exchange
66
What do type 2 alveolar cells do?
they produce surfactant to decrease surface tension
67
Be able to ID both kinds
type 2 is more rounded, 1 is thinner
68
What is this part of the GI tract?
- stratified sqaumous epithelium
- submucousal glands
Esophague
69
What is this part of the GI tract?
-pits with chief cells and parietal cells
stomach
70
What is this part of the GI tract?
-villi, crypts, Brunner's glands
duodenum
71
What is this part of the GI tract?
-villi, crypts, plicae circularis
jejunum
72
What is this part of the GI tract?
-villi, crypts, peyer's patches
ileum
73
What is this part of the GI tract?
- crypts lined with goblet cells
- no villi
large intestine such as colon
74
What is this?
Barrett's esophagus
75
What do chief cells produce? Are they basophillic or acidophillic?
pepsinogen and lipase
basophillic
76
What do parietal cells produce? Are they basophillic or acidophillic?
HCL and intrinsic factor
acidophillic
77
What does a lack of intrinsic factor cause?
pernicious anemia
78
What conroels secretion and motility in the stomach?
gastrin
79
Where are M cells located? What do they do?
They overly Peyer's patches in the ileum.
They endocytose antigens and transport them to lymphocytes and macrophages (provide luminal antigens for immunological responses)
80
Where are Paneth cells located? What do they do?
They are located at the bottom of crypts in the jejunum.
They secrete lysozymes, prevent accuulation of bacteria, (granules that contain lysozymes that attack bacterial cell membranes)
81
What is the function of the colon? What happens if this doesn't occur?
Water reabsorption; if you lose part of the colon you are susceptible to dehydration
82
What are the 5 functions of the liver/what does it to and what carries these out?
## Footnote
Protection: Kupffer cells - macrophages –monitor for bacteria from gut tube – wont let them into circulation
Storage: glycogen, Vit A & D [Ito cells), B12
Production: of albumin and fibrinogen
Endocrine: angiotensin, thrmobopoeitin
Exocrine: bile (contains cholesterol-main way to get rid of it i nthe dig. system, combines with soluble fiber and goes out with stoll), detoxification
83
If no albumin what happens?
edema
84
if no fibrinogen what happens?
possibly no thrombopoietin and susceptible to bruising
85
ID
Endocrine pancreas; has islets
86
ID
Exocrine pancreas; centroacinar cells
87
In the Acinar region of the pancreas what is produced?
- panc dig enzymes
- in ductowork, producing bicarbonate buffer with acinar cells
88
In the alpha cells in the pancreatic iselts, what is produced? What does it do?
glucagon; releases more glucose into the bloodstream
89
In the beta cells in the pancreatic iselts, what is produced? What does this do?
insulin; cellular uptake of glucose
90
In the delta cells in the pancreatic iselts, what is produced? What does it do?
somatostatin; inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
91
In the G cells in the pancreatic iselts, what is produced? What does it do?
gastrin; gastric motility and secretion
92
What does cholecystokinin do?
causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile
93
What does secretin do?
stimulates the production of bicarbonate buffer from pancreatic ducts
94
Do you want more or less cholcystokinin when you have pancreatitis?
less
95
What occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule?
reabsorption [of sodium, glucose, and amino acids]
96
What occures in the thin descending limb?
water out
97
What happens in the thick ascending limb?
ions out [which decrease osmolarity]
98
What happens in the distal convoluted tubules?
NA-K pump in presence of aldosterone
(Na+ retention, K+ into the urine with aldosterone)
99
What happens in the collecting duct?
ADH: water out - retained [water pulled out from filtrate, concentrates urine with ADH]
proton pump: decreased acidity
colelcting duct is impermeale to water except in the presence of ADH
100
What is this? Where is it found?
transitional epithelium/uroepithelium; bladder
101
How does Renal failure occur?
:anemia due to loss of eyrthropoietin and calcium deficiency due to loss of Vit D (no vit d produced so bones get bad )
102
Be able to ID this in black and white
103
Be able to ID the golmeruls, prox and distal convoluted tubules adn know this is renal cotex
104
Thin, thick, and collecting ducts are in the what?
renal medulla
105
What is the Renin-Angiotensins pathway?
Renin from juxtagolmerular cells -\> Renin cleaves angiotensin produced by the liver -\>angiotensin 1 -\> angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) produced by the lungs convert angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 -\> Angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor) will increase the blood pressure and have an fffect on aldosterone to absorb more sodium ions and consequently take up more water.
106
Start out will 300, as you descend, pull out water and it becomes increasingly concentrated (600) get urea coming in, go up thru thick limb, pump CL out, NA follows and beomces more dilute, if aldosterone present-\> will affect the top right, then back at 300, add ADH as we go down, it matches the osmolarity that is in the interstation, so when down by renal papilla that has high osmolarity (1200), u can really concentrate the urine
107
What are the regions of the suprarenal cortex and medulla? What do each produce?
Cortex: glomerulosa (aldosterone), fasiculata (cortisol), reticularis (DHEA)
medulla: medulla (epinephrine)
108
a high BP, and low K can be caused by what?
hyperaldosterone
109
high K can be caused by what?
hypoaldosterone
110
What does aldosterone do?
raises BP, secretes K
111
* put out FSH -\>
* get follicle mature -\>
* produce estrogen -\>
* when high enough -\>
* trigger release of LH -\>
* ovulation -\>
* corpus luteum-\>
* make progesterone -\>
* causes secretory phase of the uterus
* In the utierine tube, cilliated and non-cilliated cells. Peg cells -\> provide nourishment for ovum
112
Meiosis 1 takes place when?
immediately before ovulation
113
Meiosis 2 takes place when?
after fertilization
114
What do leydig cells do?
produce tesosterone
115
What do Sertoli cells do?
- create blood-tests barrier,
- produce ABH which holds testosterone in high concentations there locally
116
Where are Spermatogonia located?
– next to basement membrane (nasal side?), everything else is luminal side
117
What do the efferent ductules do?
Remove water from the lumen to concentrate the spermatogonia
118
What does the epididymis do?
–Function in fluid resorption
–Secrete glycerophosphocholine
–Inhibits capacitation
119
What do the ductus deferens do?
propel spermatozoa; have a prominent tunica muscularis
120
What is the principle component of seminal vesicles?
fructose; energy source for sperm
121
What is the prostate gland responsible for?
pre-capacitation
122
What are the layers of the epidermis and dermis?
Basale
Spinosum
Granulosum
Lucidum (thick skin only)
Corneum
Dermis: papillary, reticular
123
What do Langheran's cells do?
antigen protection; they are like macrophages, they look for T cells to stimulate
124
What do Merkel cells do?
sensory
125
what do melanocytes do?
protect against UV light
126
Which is which?
L: Pacinian
R: Meissner's
127
which is pressure?
Pacianian
128
which is fine touch
meissner's
129
What do follicular cells produce? where are they located?and what do those do?
T3, T3; thyroid; increase metabolism
130
What do parafollicular/C cellscells do? Where are they located?
produce calcitonin, reduce serum calcium; thyroid
131
What do chief cells do? Where are they located?
Produce PTH; parathyroid
132
What does parathyroid hormone do?
pulls calcium from bones and puts it into circulation to increase serum calcium levels
133
What is the primary motor layer of the cerebral cortex?
5
134
What is the primary seneory layer of the cerebral cortex?
4
135
What is the thalmic output layer of the cerebral cortex?
6
136
What is the thalmic input layer of the cerebral cortex?
4
137
What is the output layer to other ares of the cortical areas of the cerebral cortex?
3
138
What cells provide the only output from cerebellar cortex?
Purkinje cells
139
What are (and ID) the layers of the cerebellum
Molecular layer
perkinje layer
granular layer
140
What does the posterior pituitary/pars nervosa produce?
ADH and Oxytocin
141
What do the acidophils of the anterior pituitary/pars distalis produce?
growth hormome
prolactin
142
What do the basophils of the anterior pituitary/pars distalis produce?
LH
FSH
TSH
ACTH
143
Which type are 4-5.5 million?
RBCs
144
which type are 5-10 K?
WBCs
145
which type are 150-350 K?
platelets
146
These make up 60-70% of WBC's
neutrophils
147
these are seen in acute infections
neutrophils
148
these make up 20-30% of WBC's
lymphocytes
149
these make up 3-8% of WBC's
monocytes
150
these make up 2-4% of WBC's
eosinophils
151
these make up \<1% of WBC's
basophils
152
these are seen in chornic infections
lymphocytes
153
these are seen in allergies/allergic reactions
eosinophils
154
what use L-selectin to rolls and slow down and integrins to provide foothold for diapedesis
high endothelial venules
155
what kill microbes using oxidative burst generated by myeloperoxidase?
neutrophils
156
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are sensitive to black and white
Rods
157
\_\_\_\_\_ see colors (R, B, G)
cones
158
\_\_\_\_\_\_ has the highest acuity and contains the fovea
macula lutea
159
Which part of the ear contains:
- external auditory meatus
- tympanic membrane
external ear
160
Which part of the ear contains:
- ossciles
- auditory tube
Middle Ear
161
Which part of the ear contains:
- vesetibular apparatus
- cochlea
Inner Ear
162
Where do you produce endolymph? What is endolymph high in?
Stria vascularis; high in K
163
Discuss the transmission of sound
Perilymph in the scala tympani vibrates -\>
the basilar membrane presses the hair cells into the tectorial membrane -\>
sterocilia get bent which opens K channels -\>
K in endolymph rushes in and causes depolarization of hair cells = release of transmitter -\>
signal passed to cells in spiral ganglion
164
\_\_\_\_\_ initiates proliferative stage of uterus?
Estrogen
165
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ induces secretory phase of uterus?
Progesterone
