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Exam 4 Pathology & Disease > Diseases of the reproductive system > Flashcards

Diseases of the reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

female reproductive system is composed of

A

ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina

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2
Q

The _ are the site of production of unfertilized eggs and many of the hormones responsible for heat cycles and the maintenance of pregnancy

A

ovaries

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3
Q

The eggs pass from the ovaries into the _.These small finger like tubes are the site of fertilization by the sperm

A

oviducts

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4
Q

From the oviducts the eggs pass into the _ which is composed of the left and right horn and uterine body

A

uterus

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5
Q

The developing embryos mature within the _, attached to its walls by the _ which also surrounds them

A

uterus; placenta

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6
Q

Male reproductive anatomy

A

testicles, ductus, vas deferens, prostate gland, penis

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7
Q

Sperm production and storage occurs within the

A

testicles

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8
Q

upon ejaculation the sperm is transported to the _ _ by the vas deferens.

A

prostate gland

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9
Q

What is vaginitis

A

inflammation of the vagina

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10
Q

juvenile vaginitis

A

puppy vaginitis; vaginal inflammation and associated clinical signs in bitches that have not undergone puberty

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11
Q

adult-onset vaginitis

A

adult vaginitis; more common in spayed bitches than intact ones

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12
Q

Adult onset vaginitis clinical signs

A

presenting complain usually mucoid to purulent vulvar discharge, vulvar licking, pollakiuria, urinary incontinence

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13
Q

Diagnosis of vaginitis

A

cytologic exam of vaginal epithelial cells and vaginal discharge, vaginal and urine bacterial cultures and antimicrobial sensitivity testing, urinalysis, a Digital vaginal exam, vaginoscopy

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14
Q

Tx of juvenile vaginitis

A

usually resolves after the first estrous cycle, depends on bacterial C&S

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15
Q

Tx adult vaginitis

A

depends on bacterial C&S and suspected cause of vaginits; anatomical abnormalities, urinary incontinence, systemic disease, idiopathic vaginitis

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16
Q

What is pseudopregnancy

A

false pregnancy aka phantom pregnancy or pseudocyesis

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17
Q

Etiology of pseudopregnancy

A

decreasing levels of progesterone and increasing levels of prolactin following the estrus cycle (typically 6-12 weeks after the cycle)

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18
Q

Clinical signs of pseudopregnancy

A

weight gain, enlarged mammary glands, lactation, mucoid vaginal discharge, behavioral changes, some will show signs of false labor and then protectively guard toys or other small objects

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19
Q

Tx for pseudopregnancy

A

none needed since symptoms will subside in 14-21 days

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20
Q

What is pyometra

A

“pus in the uterus”; a serious and life threatening condition that must be treated quickly and aggressively

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21
Q

Pyometra is a secondary infection caused by

A

hormonal changes in the females reproductive tract

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22
Q

Etiology of pyometra

A

streptococcus, klebsiella, pasteurella, proteus, mortadella, staphylococcus

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23
Q

Signalment for pyometra

A

intact females, middle aged to older, within 60 days of last estrous cycle

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24
Q

Clinical signs of pyometra

A

fever, abdominal enlargement/pain, V+, lethargy, PU/PD, dehydration, azotemia, +/- purulent vaginal discharge

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25
Q

Dx of pyometra

A

hx, CBC: leukocytosis CHEM:elevated globulins, elevated BUN/CREA, elevated ALKP, rads or ultrasound show enlarged uterus

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26
Q

preferred Tx for pyometra

A

OHE (ovariohysterectomy)

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27
Q

Success rate for treating close and open cervix pyometras

A

Open: 75%-90%
Closed: 25%-40%

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28
Q

What is dystocia

A

abnormal or difficult labor

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29
Q

Etiology of dystocia

A

material factors and fetal factors

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30
Q

Predisposed breeds for dystocia

A

brachycephalic dogs and siamese and Persian cats

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31
Q

How long does pregnancy last in the dog and cat

A

average gestation period about 63 days

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32
Q

A normal delivery should occurring within to minutes of strong stage two labor contractions

A

10-60

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33
Q

Clinical signs of vaginal/vulvar tumors and penile/preputial tumors

A

depends on location, may see a mass protruding from the vulva/penile sheath, perineal swelling, vaginal/penile discharge, dysuria, constipation

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34
Q

What is canine transmissible venereal tumors (CTVT)

A

a common tumor only found in dogs. Transmitted by direct physical contact. Occurs in both sexes and may appear as multiple SQ nodules on the external genitalia, lips, and other parts of the body

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35
Q

Etiology of CTVT

A

is a transplant of cancer cells, cells always have an abnormal number of chromosomes (59 instead of normal 78)

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36
Q

Dx of CTVT

A

appearance (cauliflower-like, pedunculate, and nodular) biopsy for definitive dx

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37
Q

Tx of CTVT

A

surgical removal w/ chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy is the best

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38
Q

Etiology of mammary tumors

A

more common in female dogs that are either not spayed or were spayed after 2 yrs of age

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39
Q

Clinical signs of mammary tumors

A

a palpable mass underneath the skin of the abdomen is the most common finding; other signs and symptoms include discharge from a mammary gland, ulceration of the skin over a gland, painful, swollen breasts, loss of appetite, weight loss, generalized weakness

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40
Q

Dx for mammary tumors

A

FNA, Bx

41
Q

Tx for mammary tumors

A

surgical removal of affected tissue (mastectomy) STAGE ANIMAL FIRST

42
Q

What is the prostate

A

it is situated just caudal to the bladder and produces fluid as transport and medium for sperm during ejaculation

43
Q

Etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

altered androgen/estrogen ratio; requires presence of testes

44
Q

Clinical signs of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

asymptomatic, tenesmus, bilateral symmetrical enlargement upon rectal palpation

45
Q

Tx for benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

castration reduces the size of the gland within 1-2 weeks

46
Q

Etiology of prostatitis

A

bacterial (E. coli, proteus, klebsiella, pseudomonas, streptococcus, staphylococcus, brucella species

47
Q

Clinical signs of prostatitis

A

Acute: fever, anorexia, caudal abdominal pain, stiff gait in the HLs
Chronic: Hx of chronic UTIs, may be asymptomatic

48
Q

Tx for prostatitis

A

antibiotics based on C&S for at least 28 days; castration; prostatectomy

49
Q

What is prostatic abscessation

A

a serious form of bacterial prostatitis in which pockets of purulent exudate from within the gland

50
Q

Dx of prostatic abscessation

A

surgical drainage, castration, AB based on C&S, supportive care

51
Q

All neoplasms that affect the prostate are

A

malignant

52
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum

53
Q

Sertoli cell tumor signs and symptoms include

A

bilateral non-pruritic alopecia and hyperpigmentation of the inguinal region, one testicle that is large than the other with wasting or shriveling of the other testicle, feminization syndrome, abdominal mass if testicle has not descended

54
Q

Orchitis and epididymitis

A

acute inflammation of the testes or epididymis

55
Q

etiology of orchitis and epididymitis

A

can be caused by trauma, infection, testicular torsion

56
Q

Mares have a _ day estrous cycle

A

21

57
Q

Gestation period of a mare

A

11-12 months

58
Q

Etiology of abortions in equine

A

bacterial: E.coli, salmonella, Klebsiella, Actinobacillus spp.
viral: EHV-1

59
Q

Etiology of contagious equine metritis

A

bacterial- Tayorella equigenitalis

60
Q

Transmission of contagious equine metritis

A

contaminated semen from the stallion during breeding

61
Q

clinical signs for contagious equine metritis

A

vaginal discharge 14 days after breeding; infertility

62
Q

Dystocia in the mare

A

second stage of labor last >20 minutes (if the amniotic fluid rushes out and there is no foal 20 minutes later)

63
Q

Etiology of dystocia in equine

A

maiden mare, mare/foal size mismatch, malpresentation of the foal, twins

64
Q

Position with normal foaling:

A

the front feet appear first, with the soles of the feet down, or slightly sideways, nose follows the feet

65
Q

“red bag” premature placental separation in equine

A

when the placenta detaches from the uterus in this manner, the foal is no longer receiving oxygen and can die quickly

66
Q

Tx for “red bag”

A

immediately cut it with scissors and try to gently pull the foal

67
Q

Mares should pass the placenta within - hours of foaling

A

3-6

68
Q

Etiology of retained placenta

A

common after dystocia as it can rip

69
Q

clinical signs of retained placenta

A

placental membranes extruding from vulva >3 hours after foaling, vaginal discharge, fever, +/- laminitis 48 hours after foaling, colic symptoms

70
Q

Tx of retained placenta

A

oxytocin, banamine, systemic antibiotics, uterine lavage, gentle traction, tie placenta in a knot to prevent ascending infection and tripping of the mare

71
Q

Etiology of rupture of the uterine artery in equine

A

pressure from the foal, straining during parturition, dystocia

72
Q

clinical signs of rupture of the uterine artery in equine

A

dead in stall, weakness, pale MM, colic signs

73
Q

Etiology of uterine prolapse

A

typically occurs after dystocia

74
Q

Dx of uterine prolapse

A

confirm the organ that is protruding via PE

75
Q

Etiology of rectal tears in equine

A

recent foaling, dystocia, rectal palpation, ALWAYS WARN OWNER PRIOR TO PALPATION

76
Q

Clinical signs of rectal tears in equine

A

blood on sleeve after palpation, colic, septicemia

77
Q

Tx of rectal tears in equine

A

immediate referral to specialist, antibiotics, Banamine, surgical correction

78
Q

etiology of Fescue toxicity in equine

A

fungal endophyte-infested fescue pastures

79
Q

Clinical signs of fescue toxicity

A

prolonged gestation, dysmature foals, thickened placenta, agalacaia, immunocompromised foals

80
Q

Dx of fescue toxicity

A

forage can be taken to county extension office for submission to dx lab

81
Q

Tx for fescue toxicity

A

remove mares from pasture 60-90 days before foaling, have colostrum on hand, Domperidone

82
Q

Tx for cryptorchidism of equine

A

surgical removal of BOTH testicles

83
Q

in the stallion, testicles should descend by

A

6 months or up to 2 years

84
Q

Etiology of penile paralysis in equine

A

sedation w/ ace-romaine, damage to 3rd and 4th sacral nerves, rabies, EHV-1

85
Q

Tx of penile paralysis in equine

A

hydrotherapy, furosemide, penile amputation

86
Q

Clinical signs of penile paralysis in equine

A

penis drops and does not retract, portion of penis distal to sheath becomes edematous and swollen

87
Q

Why is it necessary for newborn foals to obtain antibodies through the mother’s milk shortly after birth

A

unlike humans, there is no natural transfer of antibodies through the mothers placenta

88
Q

Foals that do not receive these antibodies are at high risk and are dx as having a condition called

A

failure of passive transfer (FPT)

89
Q

Dx of FPT

A

checking serum IgG in the foal within 24 hours after birth and during the first few weeks after birth

90
Q

What is neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

an incompatibility between the foals and mares blood type

91
Q

There are _ blood types in the horse

A

16

92
Q

Clinical signs of neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

foals appear normal at birth and within the first 6-72 hours they may develop: weak/lethargic, decreased suckle, increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and effort, white or yellow MM

93
Q

Tx of neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

corticosteroids, NSAIDs, antibiotics, IV fluids, oxygen, whole blood transfusions

94
Q

What is severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)

A

a fatal condition of both B(humoral) and T(cellular) cell dysfunction

95
Q

Tx for SCID

A

none, fatal

96
Q

clinical signs of SCID

A

susceptibility to viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoal organisms. Foals are normal at birth but soon develop fatal infections, particularly when circulating colostrum-derived antibody concentrations become low

97
Q

What is dummy foal syndrome

A

not a disease but a broad term that applies to foals that exhibit abnormal often vague behaviors and or neurologic signs during their first few days of life

98
Q

Etiology of dummy foal syndrome

A

some type of unrecognized hypoxia either in utero or during birth

99
Q

Tx for dummy foal syndrome

A

oxygen therapy, intensive care, DMSO, Vitamin C and Thiamine supplementation

Exam 4 Pathology & Disease (5 decks)

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