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Exam 4 Pathology & Disease > Neurologic Diseases > Flashcards

Neurologic Diseases Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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3
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

heart muscle, smooth muscle, glands

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary skeletal muscles

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5
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

rest and digest

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6
Q

sympathetic division

A

active and alert

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7
Q

Brain trauma clinical signs

A

Aural/oral/oculonasal hemorrhage, seizures, abnormal mentation, shock, cardiac arrhythmias, altered respiratory rate

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8
Q

Diagnoses of brain trauma

A

Clinical signs, history, advanced imaging (CT and MRI)

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9
Q

trauma to the brain often causes

A

increased intracranial pressure (ICP) due to edema and/or hemorrhage around the brain

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10
Q

The brain is encased in bone meaning there is no room for

A

swelling

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11
Q

Brain trauma treatment is aimed at controlling

A

clinical signs and decreasing ICP

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12
Q

Idiopathic or old dog vestibular disease

A

an acute disorder of middle-aged to older dogs and cats (not always but usually)

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13
Q

Clinical signs of vestibular disease

A

loss of balance, nystagmus, disorientation, ataxia, V+, anorexia

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14
Q

Diagnosis of vestibular disease

A

clinical signs, labs and otic exam to rule out inner ear problem, metabolic disorder, infectious or inflammatory disease, neoplasia

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15
Q

Vestibular disease may be

A

central or peripheral

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16
Q

TX for vestibular disease

A

cerenia for motion sickness and treat underlying cause if not idiopathic

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17
Q

Idiopathic Epilepsy

A

recurrent seizures with no demonstrated cause; believed to be hereditary

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18
Q

Breed disposition for idiopathic epilepsy

A

German shepherd, toy poodles, cocker spaniels, beagles, golden retrievers, Irish setters

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19
Q

Idiopathic epilepsy seizures on average begin around

A

1-3 years of age

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20
Q

Pre-ictal phase

A

animals w/ seizures usually have various clinical signs leading up to the seizure event

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21
Q

post ictal phase

A

period of time after seizure when animal may appear slightly disoriented

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22
Q

Work up for seizure patient

A

CBC/CHEM/UA, MRI, CT, CSF tap

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23
Q

Seizures are said to be

A

intracranial or extra cranial

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24
Q

All animals on seizure medications must have

A

Therapeutic drug monitoring done periodically, tx is usually life long

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25
Status epilepticus
-a seizure lasting for a prolonged period of time (>5min) -can lead to coma and death -a true emergency
26
typical signalment for neoplasia
geriatric patients
27
Clinical signs for neoplasia
altered mentation, seizures, head tilt, vestibular disease, ataxia
28
What is required to definitively diagnose neoplasia
advanced imaging
29
tx of neoplasia
control clinical signs and maintain QOL; surgery; chemotherapy
30
One of the most common diseases in veterinary medicine
Intervertebral Disc Disease (IVDD)
31
IVDD occurs primarily in
middle0aged chondrodystrophic breeds (3-6 years)
32
What is chondrodystrophy
a disorder of cartilage formation
33
Chondrodystrophic dog breeds;
dachshund, bulldog, corgi, pug, French bulldog, basset hound, pekinese, shih tzu, poodle
34
what is IVDD
herniation of a diseased disc into the spinal cord causing subsequent inflammation and swelling of spinal nerves
35
Predisposing factors to IVDD
breed disposition, obesity, trauma
36
Clinical signs of IVDD
acute pain, tense abdomen, hunched appearance, paresis or paralysis, absence of deep pain, incontinence
37
Dx of IVDD
hx, clinical signs, rads may reveal a narrow disc space, MRI, myelogram
38
Tx of IVDD
medical and surgical
39
IVDD grading in K9
-Grade 5: Normal -Grade 4: cervical or thoracolumbar pain, hyperesthesia -Grade 3: paresis with decreased proprioception, ambulatory -Grade 2: severe paresis with absent proprioception, not ambulatory -Grade 1: Paralysis, decreased or no bladder control, conscious deep pain perception -Grade 0: paralysis, urinary and fecal incontinence, no deep conscious pain perception
40
When should gradual active be reintroduced after IVDD
4-6 weeks
41
V-slot technique allows
direct access to the extruded disk material and direct visualization of the affected spinal cord
42
Major disadvantage of V-slot technique
potential for hemorrhage associated with laceration of the census sinuses
43
Most common surgical treatment for thoracolumbar disc disease
hemilaminectomy
44
fenestration procedure
prevents further extrusions by the removal of the nucleus from the offending disk and other discs which can rupture is sometimes performed in breeds with a high incidence of repeat disc extrusions
45
Bladder management prevents
UTI's, over distention, urine scalding
46
Nursing care for spinal cord injuries
Bladder expressed ever 6-8 hours, clean environment to prevent decubital ulceration (pressure sores), frequent turning, closely monitor skin
47
The prognosis for functional recovery is good for dogs with grade
2,3, and 4 lesions
48
In dogs with grade 0 lesions that are treated within _-_ hours of onset, the animal has a chance of making a functional recovery
24-48
49
Clinical presentation and tx of trauma to the spinal cord is similar to
IVDD
50
The atlas
the first bone in the neck (C1)
51
The axis
second bone in the neck (C2)
52
In several toy breeds, the _ is malformed
dens
53
Clinical signs for Atlantoaxial Subluxation (AA Lux)
neck pain, abnormal head positions, head tilt, holding head down, ataxic, paralysis, sudden death
54
Best long term tx for AA lux
surgical stabilization of C1 and C2 joint. Surgery involves fusing the atlas to the axis with surgical screws and bone cement
55
Cervical Spondylomyelopathy aka
Wobbler's Disease
56
Etiology of wobblers disease
malformation or misarticulating of the caudal cervical vertebrae (C5-C7)
57
What is Cervical Spondylomyelopathy (wobblers disease)
a disease of the cervical spine that is commonly seen inlarge and giant breed dogs and horses characterized by compression of the spinal cord and/or nerve roots which leads to neurological signs and/or neck pain
58
The term wobbler syndrome is used to describe the
characteristic wobbly gait that affected animals have
59
For dogs there are at least _ different types of surgery to treat wobbler syndrome
21
60
Etiology of Degenerative Myelopathy
diffuse degeneration of the white matter in the spinal cord
61
What is Degenerative Myelopathy
a chronic, progressive disease of the spinal cord and ultimately the brain stem and cranial nerves which at its end stage results in complete paralysis and death
62
Clinical signs of Degenerative Myelopathy
slowly progressing hind limb paresis, ataxia, muscle atrophy, CP deficits, usually non painful
63
Signalment of Degenerative Myelopathy
German Shepherd and GS mixes
64
Etiology of discospondylitis
infectious agents become implanted into the bones of the vertebral column
65
Clinical signs of discospondylitis
fever, depression, pain, neurologic signs
66
Diagnosis of discospondylitis
x-rays reveal lysis of vertbral endplates and osteophyte formation; urine and blood cultures positive, Brucella Canis slide agglutination
67
Tx of discospondylitis
appropriate anti-infective based on C&S; neuter or spay if B.canis
68
Discospoondylitis is not the same as
spondylosis deformans
69
Etiology of Fibrocartilaginous Embolism (FCE)
ischemia of the spinal cord caused by a fibrocartilaginous emboli that obstructs the veins and arteries
70
Clinical signs of FCE
acute onset of neurologic signs with the absence of pain; paresis or paralysis of limbs
71
Tx of FCE
steroids, supportive care, rest
72
Px of FCE
guarded to good, recovery may take months
73
Conductive deafness
secondary to severe otitis, rupture of the tympanic membrane, or damage to middle ear
74
Neural deafness
may be hereditary or congenital or secondary to drug toxicity
75
Etiology of metabolic neuropathy
metabolic; typically endocrine: diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism
76
Clinical signs of metabolic neuropathy
muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, paresis, paralysisv
77
tx of metabolic neuropathy
correct underlying disease
78
Laryngeal paralysis (Lar-Par)
paralysis of the larynx
79
Etiology of Lar Par
Hereditary, Acquired (damage to laryngeal nerve, rabies, lead poisoning), idiopathic
80
Lar Par also referred to as Laryngeal Hemiplegia in
Horses
81
Etiology of Laryngeal Hemiplegia in horses
damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
82
A condition in cats, dogs, and horses where peristalsis fails to occur properly and the esophagus becomes dilated
megaesophagus
83
Etiology of megaesophagus
Congenital or acquired
84
Clinical signs of megaesophagus
Regurgitation of undigested food, respiratory signs, failure to thrive/poor body condition
85
TX for megaesophagus
elevated food platform, meat ball meals, multiple small meals/day, pro-motility drugs, manage aspiration pneumonia
86
Etiology of tick paralysis
salivary neurotoxin produced by the female dog tick Ixodes spp. and Dermacentor spp.
87
Clinical signs of tick paralysis
gradual hind-limb incoordination that progresses to a flaccid paralysis; ticks on dog
88
Coonhound paralysis
A rarely occurring medical condition in dogs that is caused by the bite of a raccoon.
89
Medical term for coonhound paralysis
polyradiculoneuritis
90
Client communication for coonhound paralysis
dogs are bed ridden until they can function on their own, during this period muscle loss occurs, making recovery ling. Physiotherapy is needed to keep the muscles active

Exam 4 Pathology & Disease (5 decks)

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