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CMSD5020 Phonetics > Disordered Speech Transcription > Flashcards

Disordered Speech Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental speech sound errors are called:

A

Phonological Processes

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2
Q

Developmental speech sound errors are called Phonological Processes. There are 3 major categories.

A

1) Substitution
2) Syllable Structure
3) Assimilation

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3
Q

What are the main substitution processes? (9)

A

Fronting
Gliding
Stopping
Vocalization/Vowelization
Deaffrication
Affrication
Alveolarization
Depalatazition
Labialization

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4
Q

What occurs in Fronting?

A

Velar or palatal sounds replaced by alveolar sounds
tootie/cookie
tat/cat

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5
Q

What occurs in Gliding?

A

/r/ replaced by /w/,
/l/ replaced by /w/ or /j/

wabbit/rabbit
yeyo/yellow

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6
Q

What occurs in Stopping?

A

Fricatives/Affricates replaced by stops
dump/jump

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7
Q

What occurs in Vocalization/Vowelization?

A

/l/ or ɚ/ɝ replaced by vowel
appo/apple
ewow/error

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8
Q

What occurs in Deaffrication?

A

Affricates /tʃ/&/dʒ/ replaced by fricative or stop

wass/wash
shane/chain

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9
Q

What occurs in Affrication?

A

Non-affricate replaced by /tʃ/or /dʒ/
joor/door

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10
Q

What occurs in alveolarization?

A

Non-alveolar sound replaced by alveolar
too/shoe

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10
Q

What occurs in Depalatalization?

A

Palatal sounds are replaced by non-palatal
fit/fish *also stopping, in a way

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11
Q

What occurs in labialization?

A

Non-labial sound replaced by labial sound
pie/tie *also fronting, in a way

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12
Q

What are the other substitution errors which are more atypical than developmental phonological process, and usually indicate phonological disorders? (6)

A

Backing
Glottal Replacement
Stopping of Glides
Fricatives Replacing Stops
Initial Consonant Deletion
Vowel Error Patterns

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13
Q

What occurs in backing?

A

Alveolar sounds replaced by sounds made at the back of the mouth
gog/dog

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14
Q

What occurs in Glottal replacement?

A

(could be a sub-section of backing) Oral stops become glottal stops

/stɪʔ/ for “stick”
/bɛʔə/ for “better

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15
Q

How would you transcribe substitution processes? Ex: Seal, Cookie, Cheese

A
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16
Q

What are syllable structure processes?

A

This involves sounds, but the sounds aren’t the pattern: the placement in a syllable’s structure is the pattern.

This is another reason it’s important to understand the stress and where syllables begin and end.

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17
Q

Give syllable structure processes: (5)

A

Weak Syllable Deletion
Final Consonant Deletion
Cluster Reduction
Epenthesis
Metathesis

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18
Q

What are the differences between epenthesis vs metathesis?

A

Epenthesis: Addition of a sound, usually between two consonants (usu. schwa
ba-loo/blue

Metathesis: Reversing sounds pusketti/spaghetti, efelent/elephant

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19
Q

What are the assimilation processes?

A

Assimilation is an error pattern where sounds are having an influence on neighboring sounds

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20
Q

Give Assimilation processes: (4)

A

Assimilation
-labial
-alveolar
-velar

Prevocalic voicing

Devoicing

Coalescence

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21
Q

Explain prevocalic voicing:

A

The voicing of a vowel influences the sound before it

gup/cup

22
Q

Explain devoicing:

A

general devoicing - right/ride

23
Q

Explain coalescence:

A

When two sounds are replaced by another sound that combines features of the sounds being replaced

ɸɪŋ/swɪŋ “swing”
fun/spun “spoon”
ɬip/slip “sleep”

24
Q

What is a lisp?

A

A lisp is a substitution or distortion of /s/ or /z/, usually with misplacement of the tongue.

25
Q

What are the two main types of lisps?

A

1) The frontal lisp is θ/s and ð/z.

2) The lateral lisp, where air escapes over the sides of the tongue instead of medially. A non-clinical term is a “slushy S.” Like the frontal lisp, there is a voiced/voiceless pair. ɬ/s and ɮ/z. These are lateral alveolar fricatives.

26
Q

Explain dentalized articulatory errors:

A

When the teeth are touched unexpectedly. We saw this with coarticulation: [ x̪ ] NB: some languages have many dentalized sounds.

27
Q

Explain Apical articulatory errors:

A

When the tip of the tongue (the apex) is used when it is unexpected: [ x̺ ] This usually sounds like very “light” /t/ and /d/.

28
Q

Explain Laminal articulatory errors:

A

When the lamina of the tongue (the mid-section) is used when it is unexpected: [ x̻ ]. E.g., say “no” with the centre of your tongue.

29
Q

Explain labiolingual articulatory errors:

A

production: Tongue extends out of mouth to touch (usually) top lip: [ ̼ ] Britney 1, Britney 2, Dua.

30
Q

What is breathy voice?

A

Breathy voice is a soft, almost murmured voice, and is marked with a double dotbelowthe IPA symbol. [ x̤ ]

31
Q

What is creaky voice?

A

Creaky voice, also known as vocal fry, is a low, gravelly voice, marked by a tildebelowthe IPA symbol.[ x̰ ]

32
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

Commonly known as “tongue tie,” typically treated as infants, as it can disrupt feeding.

33
Q

How does the loss of front teeth affect sounds?

A

Of course loss of front teeth affect the sounds which already involve the teeth: /θ/, /ð/ and /f/, /v/.

If front teeth are missing, the sounds most affected are in the “strident” family of sounds: /s/ and /z/, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, where a distortion could be heard.

34
Q

Typically, if a child can produce the sound before losing baby teeth, the ability to make the sound:

A

will remain when the adult teeth grown in.

35
Q

One other sound you may encounter related to dentition is the:

A

Whistle :It is marked with a subscript, upward pointing arrow: /͎ /
[s͎ɪs͎t⁼ɚ s͎ʷuz͎i s͎ɪɾɪŋ ɑn ə θɪs͎l̩]

36
Q

What is this condition called?

A

Cleft Palate/Submucosal Clefts

37
Q

What is the incidence of cleft lip/palate?

A

Cleft lips and palates are a very common congenital anomaly. Rates are different by country as different ethnicities are more prone.

38
Q

What is Velopharyngeal Insufficiency or Incompetence (VPI)?

A

The inability to adequately close the velar port at the back of the nasal cavity. Clefts are a full realization of this, where there is simply no way to achieve true closure.

39
Q

What is the link between clefts and nasality?

A

People with clefts can demonstrate nasal emissions on sounds that need a high amount of intra-oral pressure, i.e., stops and affricates.

40
Q

When air escapes through the nose when it should not, we use the diacritic, which goes above the IPA symbol:

A

[ x͋ ] [ ͋ ]
E.g., “puppy” with nasal emissions: [ˈp͋ʌp͋i]
NB: this is not the same as nasalized [ ̃ ]. That is coarticulation and this is a resonance feature.

41
Q

What is the link between VPI and Adenoidectomy?

A

VPI can occur post-adenoidectomy because the velum was articulating with them for oral sounds, but when they are removed, the velum may not always fully or wholly articulate with the pharyngeal wall.

42
Q

What is Posterior Pharyngeal Flap Surgery “PPF”?

A

usually just referred to as “Flap Surgery
surgery done to help correct velopharyngeal dysfunction (VEE lo fa RIN jee uhl dis FUNK shuhn), or VPD. VPD occurs when the soft palate cannot properly separate the back of the mouth from the nose during speech.

43
Q

Consonant and Vowel substitutions and with Suprasegmental substitutions can characterize the speech of people with Hearing Impairment, but there is a huge variety.

Three realms which may be affected:

A

Segmental
Voice/Resonance
Suprasegmental

44
Q

How are segmentals affected by hearing impairement in speech? (Vowels and Consonants)

A

-Vowels – there are a lot of affects on vowels – this is a selection:
Vowels tend to centralize [ ̈ ] or simply become schwa.
Vowel nasalization common [ ̃ ] not associated with coarticulation
Duration changes common
Diphthongs rarely changed, in fact, they are often used instead of pure vowels

-Consonants
Less influence of coarticulation – each sound is produced more in isolation
Duration changes common (i.e., stops longer, fricatives shorter)
Aspiration can be missing on stops

45
Q

How is voice/resonance affected by hearing impairments in speech?

A

-Excessive use of nasalization, possibly related to slowed rate and lack of visible feedback to know when to open and close velar port.
-Harsh or breathy voice are also possible

46
Q

How are suprasegmentals affected by hearing impairement in speech?

A

-Rate of speech typically decreased
-Decreased contours in weak/strong intonation resulting in a more monotone prosody

47
Q

In the SLP disfluency course, there are 3 broad types of disfluencies:

A

Blocks
repetitions
Prolongations

48
Q

What are the blocks for disfluency transcription?

A

For blocks, you can use the prosody marker for “long pause,” an ellipsis between audible speech: [ … ].
You can also stop transcription of the utterance with closing /, writing “silence” or “block,” perhaps with duration time if it’s clinically relevant (e.g., “1-2 sec”), then continue transcription again with an opening /.

49
Q

How do we transcribe repetitions and prolongations?

A

Repetitions can be marked with reverse slashes / \p\p\pɑrk/

Prolongations can be marked with the long duration diacritic /sːupɚ/, or, in orthography, repeating the letter “sssuper”

50
Q

When there is unusual lip spreading, use ____

All sounds of English are ___________, but if __________________________ is used (air moving into the lungs), use _______ after the sound sucked in.

The clicked sound most easily made by English speakers is the ____________________.

A

When there is unusual lip spreading, use [ ͍ ]

All sounds of English are expiratory, but if ingressive airflow is used (air moving into the lungs), use [ x↓] after the sound sucked in.

The clicked sound most easily made by English speakers is the alveolar click [ ! ].

51
Q

What is apraxia?

A

A motor programming disorder without muscle weakness. There are different apraxias, but it is often described as a “groping” to execute a motor task.

The main symptom for speech production is inconsistent productions of the same sound from opportunity to the next.

52
Q

In the rate of speech, how many words per minute do adults typically produce?

A

Conversational: 120-150 words per minute is typical for an adult.

Usually, you can sense if someone’s rate is faster or slower than average and you may note it in your sessions notes, in assessment reports, or IPA reports.

For quantitative measures, count words per minute for 4 minutes of conversational speech and find an average.

CMSD5020 Phonetics (10 decks)

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