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Medicine I > Disorders of Blood Flow > Flashcards

Disorders of Blood Flow Flashcards

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1
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow.

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2
Q

What are the two main types of thrombosis?

A
  • Arterial thrombosis
  • Venous thrombosis
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3
Q

What typically causes arterial thrombosis?

A

Atherosclerosis

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4
Q

What can arterial thrombosis lead to?

A
  • Strokes
  • Heart attacks
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5
Q

What are common outcomes of venous thrombosis?

A
  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
  • Pulmonary embolism
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6
Q

What are the four fates of a thrombus?

A
  • Propagation
  • Embolization
  • Dissolution
  • Organisation and recanalization
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7
Q

What is embolization?

A

Thrombi dislodges and travels to other sites in vasculature.

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8
Q

What is dissolution in the context of thrombus fate?

A

Dissolution occurs by fibrinolysis.

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9
Q

What happens during organisation and recanalization of older thrombi?

A

Older thrombi become organised by ingrowth of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts.

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10
Q

What is an embolus?

A

A detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from origin.

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11
Q

What is the most common type of embolism?

A

Thromboembolism

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12
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism?

A

An embolus lodges in the lungs, most commonly from deep vein thrombosis.

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13
Q

What are common causes of pulmonary embolism?

A
  • Venous emboli from deep leg veins
  • Common in hospitalised and bedridden patients
  • Large thrombus impacted at bifurcation of pulmonary artery (saddle embolus)
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14
Q

What is systemic embolism?

A

Emboli that travel to the brain, lower extremities, intestines, kidneys, and spleen.

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15
Q

What causes fat embolism?

A

Obstruction of arterioles and capillaries by fat globules, often due to fractures of long bones.

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16
Q

What is air embolism?

A

Air bubbles within the circulation that can coalesce to form frothy masses and obstruct vascular flow.

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17
Q

What is the minimum volume of air necessary to produce an effect in pulmonary circulation?

A

More than 100 cc

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18
Q

What is an infarct?

A

An area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of either the arterial supply or the venous drainage in a particular tissue.

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19
Q

What are the common causes of infarction?

A
  • Thrombus or embolism
  • Hypotension
  • Local vasospasm or compression of vessel by hematoma or tumor, torsion
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20
Q

What is gangrene?

A

The death of tissue due to loss of blood supply, often following infarction or severe infection.

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21
Q

What are the three types of gangrene?

A
  • Dry gangrene
  • Wet gangrene
  • Gas gangrene
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22
Q

What characterizes dry gangrene?

A

Associated with poor circulation and dehydration, often seen in peripheral arteries.

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23
Q

What is wet gangrene?

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A

Infection of dead tissue, typically involving bacterial contamination.

24
Q

What causes gas gangrene?

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A

Bacterial infection (Clostridium species) producing gas in tissue.

25
What is hyperemia?
Local increase of blood due to active vasodilatation of arterioles and capillaries
26
What are the types of hyperemia?
* Physiological * Pathological
27
What physiological condition can lead to hyperemia?
Skeletal muscle in exercise
28
What is edema?
Accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues, leading to swelling
29
What causes edema?
Disruption of balance between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure
30
What happens if the net movement of water into tissues exceeds venous or lymphatic drainage?
Fluid will accumulate
31
What are the types of edema fluid?
* Transudate * Exudate * Lymph
32
What is transudate?
Low protein content (< 3 gm%), low specific gravity (< 1015), no fibrinogen, low cellularity, clear
33
What characterizes exudate?
High protein content (> 3 gm%), high specific gravity (> 1015), high fibrinogen content, rich in inflammatory cells
34
What causes peripheral edema?
* Increasing age * Pregnancy * Hypertension * Congestive heart failure * Kidney problems * Sitting or standing for extended hours * Some medications
35
What is pulmonary edema?
Accumulation of fluids in the lungs due to blockage of pulmonary veins
36
What are the causes of pulmonary edema?
* Malfunctioning of the left ventricle * Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome * Hypersensitivity Reaction
37
What is cerebral edema?
Accumulation of fluids in the intracellular and extracellular spaces of the brain
38
What are the serious causes of cerebral edema?
* Traumatic brain injury * Brain cancer * Diabetes-related ketoacidosis * Eclampsia * Encephalitis * Hemorrhagic stroke * Hepatic encephalopathy * Hydrocephalus
39
What is generalized edema?
Swelling, puffiness, and water retention in various body parts
40
What are the causes of localized edema?
* Trauma * Infection * Lymphatic Obstruction * Venous Obstruction
41
What is pitting edema?
Cutaneous edema where indentation persists after pressure is applied and released
42
What causes non-pitting edema?
* Lymphedema * Lipedema * Myxoedema
43
What is hemostasis?
Process of maintaining blood in a fluid, clot-free state in normal vasculature
44
What is the primary function of blood vessels?
Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removal of waste products from tissues
45
What do blood flow disorders affect?
Normal circulation of blood through the body's vessels
46
How do blood vessel diseases primarily affect the body?
Usually limited to local tissues supplied by a particular vessel or group of vessels
47
What are the reasons for disorders of hemocirculation?
* Pathologic changes in the vessel wall (e.g., atherosclerosis, vasculitis) * Acute vessel obstruction (e.g., thrombus, embolus, vasospasm) * Abnormal vessel dilation (e.g., arterial aneurysms, varicose veins) * Compression of blood vessels by extravascular forces (e.g., tumors, edema, pressure ulcers)
48
What is lymphatic edema?
Accumulation of lymph in tissues
49
What condition is characterized by severe swelling due to lymphatic obstruction?
Elephantiasis
50
What typically causes elephantiasis?
Obstruction of the lymphatic system by parasitic infections, usually by filarial worms
51
Name some common filarial worms that cause elephantiasis.
* Wuchereria bancrofti * Brugia malayi * Brugia timori
52
What is the mechanism of pathophysiology for filarial infections?
* Infection of lymphatic system by mosquito bites * Obstruction of lymph flow due to damage of lymphatic vessels * Accumulation of lymph fluid leading to swelling * Chronic inflammation contributing to further damage
53
What is a common consequence of elephantiasis?
* Extreme swelling (lymphedema) * Fibrotic tissue changes in skin * Increased susceptibility to infections * Impaired immune function
54
What are the clinical features of elephantiasis?
* Gradual swelling, especially in lower limbs * Thickened, rough, warty skin with hyperpigmentation * Chronic inflammation with pain * Recurrent skin infections
55
What is hyperemia?
Local increase of blood due to active vasodilatation of arterioles and capillaries
56
What can cause pathological hyperemia?
Heart failure or liver congestion, leading to tissue damage and edema
57
Fill in the blank: Elephantiasis is caused by obstruction of the lymphatic system typically by _______.
filarial worms

Medicine I (7 decks)

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