Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

path + micro > disorders of growth > Flashcards

disorders of growth Flashcards

1
Q

what are the definitions of the 4 types of growth

A

multiplicative growth- increase in cell number - mitosis

auxetic growth increase in size of growth - e.g. fat cells get bigger

accretionary growth- refers to growth in post embryonic stage or adult stage e.g. connective tissue during adult life

combined - increase in cell growth and

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the definition of growth

A

ncrease in size and applies to the whole body but also to cells, organelles in cells, organs , populations there are 4 different types accretionary , multiple;icative auxetic growth and combined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the definition of differentiation

A

cell develops a specialised function or morphology which distinguishes it from its parent cell

e.g. undifferentiated cells - differentiated into differentiated ciliated cells in the bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the definition of morphogenesis

A

complex process of embryological development

formation of shape and organisation of body organs

involves growth , differentiation , and relative movement of groups of cells

programme cell death apoptosis removes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe what normal control of systemic growth is

A

growth = the balance between cell division and apoptosis
growth factors can stimulate cell growth

cell check points check the integrity of Dna

withdrawing growth factors will induce apoptosis

induced stimulation of growth factors can cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the endocrine factors in postnatal growth

A

hormones are secreted by the gland and circulate around the body

endocrine system e.g. thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the endocrine factors in foetal growth

A

foetal growth= controlled by insulin through the maternal transfer of nutrients and oxygen and glucose absorbed by the fetal pancreas - regulates foetal cells - foeal pituitary develops later - things are mainly regulated by insulin- sugar comes from the placenta

  • insulin effects foetal cell growth - lower foetal insulin or the ability of insulin receptors to respond to insulin

hyperinsulinaemia (maternal diabetes) too much glucose to feats results in increased growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the major categories of abnormality

A

hyperplasia and hypertrophy are common tissue responses

can be physiological (e.g. breast enlargement) - post natal natural response

or pathological - part of disease process

(e.g. prostatic enlargement in elderly men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe normal and abnormal growth in single tissues

A

can be physiological e.g. breast enlargement in pregnancy or past natal response or pathological part of disease process e.g. prostatic enlargement in elderly men

abnormal conditions - myocardial hypertrophy - enlarged heart

hypertrophy of arterial walls - leads to hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size without cell division auxetic growth e.g. muscle cells and fat cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number by mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is atrophy

A

atrophy = decrease in the size of an organ or cell

organ atrophy can be due to a reduction in cell size or number or both

can be mediated by apotosis

may be physiological (e.g due tp decreased function)

reduced movemenr = results in decreased function
loss of innervation - reduced blood , oxygen supply or nutritional status and hormonl deficiencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is physiological atrophy

A

occurs in foetal and postnatal ife

embryo and foetus

branchial crafts , notochord , thyroglossal duct
neonate

umbilical vessels, ductus arteriosus

foetal layer adrenal cortex

thymus

late and older age

testes , bone , uterus , gums , mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is hypoplasisa

A

decreased growth

failure of development of an organ

process is related to atrophy

failure of morphogenesis

e.g. micropthalmia - foetus has a genetic problem - teraploid - has doubled the amount of chromosomes necessary - normal cell has 46 cells - tetraploid has 96 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

give some examples of physiological and pathological examples of hyperplasia, hypoplasia , atrophy and hypoplasia

A

physiological examples of hyperplasia -physiological - breast enlargement in pregnancy

  • pathological - prostate enlargement in elderly men

myocardial hypertrophy

physiological atrophy - embryo and foetus - branchial clefts , notochord , thyroglossal duct , mullein duct , wolfing duct (females)

neonate- umbilical vessels

early adult thymus

late adult - uterus , endometrium females

testes (males)

bone (particular females)

gums

mandible

hypoplasiia - pathological caused by Zika virus - mircopheley - abnormal head development - below average head size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is differentiation controlled

A

embryonic differentiation of cells its controlled by gene expression - i.e. where cells are in foetus , systemic hormones , position within foetus , local growth factors and matrix proteins

maintainence of differentiated state depends upon the persistence of some of these factors - cells can become more pluripotent

17
Q

what are kerogen’s and what is tetra genesis

A

differentiation and morphogenesis can be disrupted by environmental factors (e.g tetraogens) alter ability to foetus development

18
Q

what are some acquired disorders of growth and differentiation

A

ancephaly - failure of head

meniogecele

cleft palate

spina bifada

19
Q

what is metaplasia

A

metaplasia is an acquired form of altered differentiation

transformation go one mature differentiated cell type into another

reversible response to altered cellular environment

affects epithelial or mesenchymal cells

may undergo further indirect transformation to neoplasia via dysplasia e.g. squamous cell carincoma associated with squamous

Metaplasia is a type of adaptive change in which one type of differentiated cell is replaced by another type of cell that is better able to withstand the environmental stresses or stimuli. It occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation, and the body replaces the damaged or dead cells with a different cell type that is better able to survive under those conditions.

For example, in smokers, the ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi is often replaced by a non-ciliated, stratified squamous epithelium, which is better able to withstand the toxins and irritants inhaled during smoking

20
Q

what are neoplasms

A

neoplasia(tumours)

neoplasia is characterised by abnormal , uncoordinated and excessive cell growth

persists after initiating stimulus has been withdrawn

associated with genetic alterations

neoplastic cells influence behaviour of normal cells by the production of hormones and growth factors

not usually painful

pain if nerves compressed, bone involved

21
Q

what are the different classifications of neoplasms

A

tumours can result from genetic alterations (e.g. mutations) in cells resulting in abnormal neoplastic growth persisting in the absence of the initiating causes

malignant (invasive tumours) develop in approximately 25% of individuals

incidence increases with age

structure comprises neoplastic cells and connective tissue storm of which the vascular supply is essential for growth

22
Q

what are the differences between benign and malignant neoplasms (pathology and effects)

A

beigin - slow growth

maliginant - relevant rapid

mitotic activity - low in being

mitotic activity - high in malignant

histological resemblance to normal tissue good in benign and variable and often poor in malignant

nuclear morphology - often normal in benign and usually hyper chromatic , irregular outline multiple nucleoli and pelmorphic in malignant

invasion in malignant not in benign

metasteses frequently in malignant not in benign

border is often circumscribed or encapsulated in benign and often poorly defined or irregular in malignant tumours

necrosis is rare in benign and common in malignant

ulceration is rare in benign and common on skin or mucosal surfaces in malignant

direction of growth is often exophytac in benign and often endophytic in malignant 1

23
Q

what are the different grades of tumours

A

behavioural classification - benign - might grow or grow big or malignant this kills

histogenic classification - where the cell of origin comes from ie. what the cancer is

23
Q

what are the different grades of tumours

A

behavioural classification - benign - might grow or grow big or malignant this kills

histogenic classification - where the cell of origin comes from ie. what the cancer is

24
Q

what is carcinogenesis and its major causes

A

carcinoma starts at one site and spreads

invasion is the most important criterion for malignancy

invasion is due to abnormal cell motility , reduced cellular cohesion and production of proteolytic enzymes

metastasis is the process of formation of distant secondary tumours

common routes of metastasis include lymphatic change;s , blood vessels and through body cavities

25
Q

how common are eye tumours

A

primary eye and orbital malignancies are rare examples are rhadboymoscarmco and malignant melanoma in the orbit

26
Q

what decreases with increasing malignancy

A

differentiation decreases with increasing malignancy

27
Q

what is a type of eyelid cancer

A

squamous carcinoma - this malignant tumourr is relatively common but metastasis occurs in on ly 2%

28
Q

what are the general characteristics of neoplasms

A

result from genetic alterations resulting neoplastic growth (abnormal) persisting in the absence of initiating causes

malignant (invasive_ tumours develop in 25% of individuals

incidence increases with age

structure comprises neoplastic cells and connective tissue storm of which the vascular supply is essential fro growth

29
Q

what are neoplasms

A

neoplasms = tumours

characterised by abnormal uncoordinated excessive cell growth

persists after initiating stimulus has been withdrawn associated with genetic alterations

neroplastic cells influence behaviour of normal cells by the production of hormones and growth factors

30
Q

what are the steps in morphogenesis

A

sperm + ovum = fertilised ovum

split into multiple embryos - totipotent cells

ectoderm, mesoderm , decoders

organogenesis by interaction of cells from ectoderm , mesoderm , mesoderm

each cell undergoes determination , differentiation and maturation

31
Q

what is dysplasia

A

increased cell growth

e.g. more mitoses than normal - presence of atypical morphology

e.g. abnormally larger nuclei and decreased differentiation

cellular immaturity

may be caused by chronic physical or chemical injury

may be reversible only in. early stages

dysplastic lesions are often pre- neoplastic

path + micro (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions