Disorders of the Ocular Fundus

Question 1

Tapetal features (2)

Answer 1

1) age & coat color may influence color
2) size seems to vary with size of dog; consistant in other spp.

Question 2

Tapetal reflectivity (1)

Answer 2

1) function of thickness of neurosensory retina &/or fluid underneath retina

Question 3

Hyperreflectivity of tapetum (1)

Answer 3

1) less stuff infront of the tapetum

Question 4

Hyporreflectivity of tapetum (1)

Answer 4

1) more stuff infront of the tapetum

Question 5

Retinal dysplasia (4)

Answer 5

1) congenital condition
2) Multifocal dysplasia
3) Geographic dysplasia
4) total dysplasia

Question 6

Multifocal dysplasia (1)

Answer 6

1) generally of little to no clinical significance

Question 7

Geographic dysplasia (2)

Answer 7

1) not of great clinical significance to most individuals but occasionally leads to retinal detachment
2) not a progressive disease

Question 8

Total dysplasia (1)

Answer 8

1) results in retinal detachment/ non attachment

Question 9

Collie Eye Anomaly (1)

Answer 9

1) congenital defects in posterior vascular and fibrous tunics of the eye
2) highly pleiomorphic manifestation, even within litters

Question 10

Main lesions associated with Collie Eye Anomaly (2)

Answer 10

1) Choroidal hypoplasia
2) Optic nerve and peripapillary coloboma

Question 11

Choroidal hypoplasia associated with Collie Eye Anomaly (2)

Answer 11

1) most significant lesion associated with Collie eye
2) sparse but enlarged choroidal vessels
3) always lateral to the optic disk

Question 12

Congenital small optic nerves (2)

Answer 12

1) optic nerve hypoplasia
2) Micropapilla

Question 13

Micropapilla (1)

Answer 13

1) smaller than normal optic nerve in a VISUAL eye
2) PLRs are normal

Question 14

Optic nerve hypoplasia (1)

Answer 14

1) smaller than normal optic nerve in a BLIND eye
2) direct PLR in affected eye diminished to absent

Question 15

Optic Nerve Coloboma (5)

Answer 15

1) focal to extensive developmental defect of optic nerve
2) non progressive
3) typical colobomas occur at 6 o’clock
4) atypical colobomas occur elsewhere
5) vision impact is relative to coloboma size

Question 16

Optic Neuritis (5)

Answer 16

1) inflammation of the optic nerve
2) more common to be bilateral
3) acute blindness common presentation
4) PLRs are typically absent
5) immune-mediated, infectious, neoplastic

Question 17

Intraocular optic neuritis (2)

Answer 17

1) optic disk swollen, raised hyperemic
2) +/- papillary hemorrhage

Question 18

Retrobulbar optic neuritis (2)

Answer 18

1) fundus appears normal
2) optic nerve head looks normal

Question 19

Retinal degenerative disorders (3)

Answer 19

1) progressive retinal atrophy (PRA)
2) canine sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)
3) feline central retinal degeneration (taurine deficiency retinopathy)

Question 20

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (4)

Answer 20

1) heritable
2) retina develops normally, but then degenerates
3) rods degenerate first then the cones
4) age of onset & rate of disease progression variable
5) eventually becomes blind

Question 21

PRA diagnosis (7)

Answer 21

1) history of night vision issues
2) diminished menace & PLRs
3) tapetal hyperreflectivity (retina getting thin)
4) vascular attenuation
5) optic atrophy
6) maze testing
7) electroretinography (electrical function of retina)

Question 22

PRA management (3)

Answer 22

1) no effective treatment
2) maintenance of safe environment
3) sound based activities

Question 23

Canine Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome (SARDS) (6)

Answer 23

1) idiopathic canine disorder
2) sudden onset of blindness
3) normal appearing fundus
4) small breed, middle aged, FS dogs overrepresented
5) polyphagia, weight gain, PU/PD
6) don’t regain vision

Question 24

SARDS Electroretinogram (3)

Answer 24

1) required for definitive diagnosis
2) extinguished ERG
3) allows for distinction from retrobulbar optic neuritis

Question 25

Feline Central Retinal Degeneration (Taurine Deficiency Retinopathy) (1)

Answer 25

1) taurine deficient diet causes retinal degeneration & DCM

Question 26

Stages of retinal degeneration associated with Feline Central Retinal Degeneration (5)

Answer 26

1) starts in area centralis
2) extends in band dorsal to optic disc
3) becomes generalized
4) treat by normalizing taurine intake
5) will halt progression but not reverse the disease

Question 27

Retinal Detachment Mechanisms (3)

Answer 27

1) exudative (serous) detachment
2) Rhegmatogenous detachment
3) traction detachment (rare in domestic spp)

Question 28

Exudative serous retinal detachment (3)

Answer 28

1) most common form
2) due to fluid build up under neurosensory retina
3) systemic hypertension & choriretinitis (infectious or immune mediated)
4) fix the cause and the retina will reattach

Question 29

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (4)

Answer 29

1) due to tear in retina (usually periphery)
2) vitreous fluid enter subretinal space & propagates tear
3) trauma
4) surgery repair required

Question 30

Chorioretinal Manifestations of Systemic disease (3)

Answer 30

1) hypertensive retinopathy
2) chorioretinitis
3) optic neuritis

Question 31

Hypertensive Retinopathy (3)

Answer 31

1) systemic hypertension is most commonly a secondary condition to kidney disease, hyperthyroidism, etc
2) detachment
3) hemorrhage

Question 32

hypertensive Retinopathy clinical ophthalmoscopic signs (4)

Answer 32

1) retinal arteriolar tortuosity * subjective
2) retinal edema
3) retinal hemorrhage
4) retinal detachment

Question 33

Chorioretinitis (2)

Answer 33

1) inflammation of the choroid & retina
2) infectious, immune- mediated, neoplastic

Question 34

Chorioretinitis ophthalmic findings (3)

Answer 34

1) inflammatory lesions are hyporeflective
2) lesions may be focal, multifocal to coalescing or generalized
3) severe leads to exudative retinal detachment