Disparities in wealth and development Flashcards

(41 cards)

0
Q

Gross Domestic Product(GDP)

A

Total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year.

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1
Q

Development

A

Use of resources to improve the quality of life in a country

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2
Q

Gross National Income(GNI)

A

Total value of goods and services produced within a country, together with its income received from other countries, less similar payments made to other countries.

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3
Q

Gross National Income per capita

A

The GNI of a country divided by its total population.

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4
Q

GNI at purchsing power parity(PPP)

A

The GNI of a country is converted into US dollars on the basis of how the value of the currency compares with that of other countries.

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5
Q

Development gap

A

Difference in income and the quality of life in general between the richest and poorest countries in the world.

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6
Q

Human Development Index(HDI)

A

Measure of development which combines three important aspects of human well-being: life expectancy, education and income.

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7
Q

Least developed countries(LDCs)

A

Poorest and weakest economies in the developing world.

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8
Q

UNCTAD

A

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

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9
Q

Newly industralised countries(NICs)

A

Countries that have undergone rapid and successful industralisation since the 1960s.

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10
Q

Education

A

Gradual process of aquiring knowledge, understanding and skills.

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11
Q

Adult literacy rate

A

Percentage of the adult population with basic reading and writing skills.

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12
Q

Sustainable development

A

Development that seeks to meet the needs of the present with concerns about the needs of future generations.

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13
Q

Malnutrition

A

Condition that develops when body does not get enough nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function.

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14
Q

Marginalisation

A

Process of being pushed to the edge of economic activity, of being largely left out of positive economic trends.

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15
Q

Gini coefficient

A

Statistical technique used to show the extent of income inequality in a country. Values between 0 and 1, low value more equal income distribution, high - more unequal.

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16
Q

Cumulative causation

A

Process whereby a significant increase in economic growth can lead to even more growth as more money circulates in the economy.

17
Q

Economic core region

A

The most highly developed region in a country with advanced systems of infrastructure and high levels of investment resulting in high average income.

18
Q

Periphery

A

Parts of a country outside the economic core region. Level of economic development in the periphery is significantly below that of the core.

19
Q

Slum

A

Heavily populated urban area characterised by substandard(poniżej standardu) housing and squalor(nędza).

20
Q

Urbanisation of poverty

A

Gradual shift of global poverty from rural to urban areas with increasing urbanisation.

21
Q

Privatisation

A

The sale of state owned assets to the private sector.

22
Q

Modernisation theory

A

Deterministic approach based on the economic history of a number of developed countries. Distinct economic and social changes are required for a country to move from one stage to another.

23
Q

Dependency theory

A

Blames the relative underdevelopment of the developing world on exploitation by the developed world, first through colonialism and then by the various elements of neo-colonialism.

24
World system theory
Based on the history of the capitalist world economy. Countries fall into 3 economic levels and can move from one level to another if their contribution to the world economy changes.
25
Life expectancy at birth
Average number of years that a newborn baby is expected to live if the age-specific mortality rates effective at the year of birth apply throughout their lifetime.
26
Extreme poverty
Most severe state of poverty with an inability to meet basic needs. Defined as living for less than $1.25 per day.
27
Gender gap in education
Girls' school enrolment in relation to boys(girls per 100 boys).
28
Maternal mortality rate
The annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100 000 live births.
29
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus. Cause of AIDS.
30
AIDS
Aquired immune deficiency syndrome.
31
Foreign direct investment
Overseas investments in physical capital by transnational corporations.
32
Non-governmental organisations
Inter- or national private organisations, which are distinct from inter- or governmental agencies.
33
Resource nationalisation
When a country decides to take part or all of one or number of natural resources under state ownership.
34
Terms of trade
Price of a country's exports relative to the price of its imports and the changes that take place over time.
35
Trade deficit
When the value of a country's exports is less than the value of imports.
36
Fair trade
When producers of food and some non-food products in developing countries receive a fair deal when they are selling their products.
37
International aid
Giving of resources by one country/organisation to another poorer country to improve the economy and quality of life in the poorer country.
38
Appropriate technology
Aid supplied by a donor country whereby the level of technology and required skills to service it are properly suited to the conditions in the receiving country.
39
Microcredit
Tiny loans and financial services to help the poor, mostly women, start businesses and escape poverty.
40
Social businesses
Forms of business that seek to profit from investments that generate social improvements and serve a broader human development purpose.