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Neuroanatomy > Dissection > Flashcards

Dissection Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Cranial Meninges in Order from outside in

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

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2
Q

Structure of Dura

A

Fibrous Sheet
2 layers- Inner meningeal, outer endosteal

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3
Q

Name the 3 main Dural Folds

A

Falx Cerebri- separates hemispheres
Tentorium Cerebelli- Separates Cerebellum from Rest of Brain
Falx Cerebelli- Separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres

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4
Q

Describe the structure of Arachnoid Mater

A

poorly vascularised, loose connective tissue, loosely enveloping the brain.
Skims over sulci- subarachnoid space below with cisterns filled with CSF

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5
Q

What are granulations?

A

Calcified arachnoid poking through to venous sinus’ for the reabsorption of CSF

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6
Q

Describe the inner layer of Pia Mater

A

Formed by astrocyte end-feet covered with basement membrane

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7
Q

Describe the outer layer of Pia Mater

A

Transverses through subarachnoid space

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8
Q

What are the names of the connections between Pia ad Arachnoid?

A

Trabeculae

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9
Q

Are blood vessels found in all layers of Cranial Meninges?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Where’s an extradural Haemorrhage?

A

Outside Dura (inside skull)

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11
Q

where’s a subdural haemorrhage?

A

between dura and arachnoid

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12
Q

Where’s a subarachnoid haemmorhage?

A

Below arachnoid (in SA space)

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13
Q

Where’s an intracerebral Haemmorhage?

A

in brain tissue

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14
Q

What tends to cause extra- and sub- Dural haemorrhage?

A

Traumatic head injury

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15
Q

What tends to cause subarachnoid and intracerebral haemmorhage?

A

Stroke/ vascular incident

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16
Q

What makes up Dural venous sinuses?

A

Gaps between endosteal and Meningeal dural layers

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17
Q

What drains into dural venous sinuses?

A

External cerebral veins

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18
Q

Name of sinus along top of falx cerebri

A

Superior Sagittal Sinus

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19
Q

Name of sinus inferior to falx cerebri

A

Inferior sagittal sinus

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20
Q

Describe the route of blood from the sagittal sinus’

A

Inferior SS goes back through straight sinus, the straight sinus meets superior sagittal sinus at the confluence of the sinuses, then flows sideways along transverse sinus, down sigmoid sinus and drains into jugular vein

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21
Q

Which cranial nerves are found in the cavernous sinus?

A

3,4,5a and 5b

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22
Q

which artery is found in the cavernous sinus

A

internal carotid

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23
Q

What are the 2 main openings from the 4th ventricle allowing CSF passage out?

A

Foramen of Magendie and Foramina of Luschka

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24
Q

Is the Foramen of Magendie lateral or medial?

A

Medial

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25
Q

Are the Foramina of Luschka lateral or medial

A

Lateral

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26
Q

Where is the interpeduncular cistern found?

A

Ventral to midbrain cerebral peduncles

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27
Q

What does the interpeduncular cistern contain?

A

Circle of Willis

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28
Q

What does the cistern of the lateral fissure contain?

A

Middle Cerebral artery

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29
Q

What does the superior cistern contain?

A

Great Cerebral Vein (of Galen) and the Pineal Gland

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30
Q

Where is the superior cistern found?

A

Between Splenium of CC and Cerebellum

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31
Q

What to the Cisterna Ambient encircle?

A

The midbrain

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32
Q

What are the 3 contributors to the BBB

A

1- Endothelial Cells
2- Basement Membrane
3- Astrocytic End-feet

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33
Q

What are the 2 possible routes for blood into the brain?

A

Internal Carotid Arteries or Vertebral Arteriest

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34
Q

The Vertebral arteries fuse to form..

A

The basilar Artery

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35
Q

What proportion of blood do the internal carotids supply?

A

80%

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36
Q

What proportion of blood do the vertebral arteries supply?

A

20%

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37
Q

What brain areas does the internal carotid supply?

A

anterior and middle cerebrum and the diencephalon

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38
Q

What brain areas does vertebral arteries suuply?

A

Posteriors Cerebrum (occipital) and posterior cranial fossa (brainstem and cerebellum)

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39
Q

Where do the vertebral arteries enter into skull?

A

Foramen of Magnum

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40
Q

How are the Vertebro-basilar and internal carotid arteries conected?

A

Via the posterior cerebral artery

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41
Q

Where does the Anterior Cerebral Arteries supply?

A

Medial Territories (about a 1cm strip from the longitudinal fissure)
(it loops over corpus callosum supplying it also)

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42
Q

What connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries?

A

Anterior communicating artery

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43
Q

Which is the largest branch of the carotid artery?

A

Middle cerebral artery

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44
Q

What does the middle cerebral artery supply?

A

Lateral territories of hemispheres

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45
Q

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A

posterior and inferior medial surfaces of temporal lobes and the occipital lobes

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46
Q

what are the 3 arteries that supply the cerebellum?

A

1- posterior inferior
2- anterior inferior
3- superior cerebellar

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47
Q

What are internal cerebral veins?

A

Veins which run within the substance of brain tissue until they reach the surface

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48
Q

How do intracranial venous sinuses communicate with veins outside of the skull?

A

via emissary veins

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49
Q

Where do the internal carotid arteries enter the skull?

A

Through the carotid canal- laterally through temporal bone not a straight path

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50
Q

Where do spinal arteries pass out of skull?

A

Foramen Magnum

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51
Q

Out of which skull foramina does venous blood drain?

A

Jugular foramina (through internal jugular vein)

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52
Q

how does the Ophthalmic artery enter the skull

A

through the optic canal

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53
Q

Where do the ethmoidal artery and vein get into the skull?

A

anterior nasal cavity

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54
Q

Where does the superior ophthalmic vein enter the skull?

A

Superior orbital fissure

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55
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull?

A

Foramen Spinosum

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56
Q

Where does the labyrinthine artery enter the skull?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

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57
Q

What is a berry aneurysm?

A

Out-pouching sac of intercranial artery- enlarges until it ruptures

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58
Q

Where is a ischaemic stroke?

A

Intracerebral

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59
Q

Where is a Haemorrhagic stroke?

A

Subarachnoid

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60
Q

What is Wallenberg Syndrome?

A

Blockage of vertebral artery or PICA

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61
Q

What are the 3 cranial fossa?

A

Anterior, Middle, Posterior

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62
Q

What brain structure is contained in the anterior fossa?

A

Frontal Lobe

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63
Q

What brain structure is contained in the middle fossa?

A

Temporal Lobe

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64
Q

What brain structure is contained in the posterior fossa?

A

Cerebellum

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65
Q

Where does the anterior cranial fossa end and the middle begin?

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid bones

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66
Q

What attaches to the crista galli on the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone?

A

Falx cerebri

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67
Q

Where in the skull does the trigeminal nerve split to 3?

A

Mikkel’s cave

68
Q

What is the defining feature of the foramen lacerum?

A

Jaggedy edge outside skull

69
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

3rd, 4th, 5a (ophthalmic) and 6th

70
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary of Trigeminal

71
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through foramen ovale?

A

Mandibular trigeminal (its sensory and motor branches side by side, hence wider oval shape)

72
Q

What attaches to the ridge of the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

73
Q

Which cranial nerves exit via the foramen jugular?

A

9th, 10th, 11th

74
Q

which cranial nerves exit via internal acoustic meatus?

A

7th and 8th

75
Q

How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae of the spine?

A

7C, 12T, 5L, 5S (fused)

76
Q

Which vertebrae supports the weight of the skull

A

1st cervical- Atlas (greek god atlas supported weight of the planet)

77
Q

Which vertebrae has the aduntoid peg from its vertebral body around which the neck can rotate?

A

2nd cervical- Axis

78
Q

Which type of vertebrae have long downward pointing spinous processes?

A

Thoracic

79
Q

Which types of vertebrae have costal facets?

A

cervical and thoracic (to attach to ribs)

80
Q

Which vertebrae have bifid spinous processes?

A

C1-C6

81
Q

Does the size of vertebrae increase or decrease moving down spine?

A

INcrease

82
Q

How many curves in adult spine?

A

3

83
Q

What do you call a forward spine curve?

A

Lordosis (cervical and lumbar)

84
Q

What do you call a backwards spine curve?

A

Kyphosis- thoracic

85
Q

What connects the vertebral bodies above and below?

A

intervertebral discs

86
Q

What connects articular processes?

A

Synovial joints

87
Q

What are the 2 types of cartilage in the disc?

A

Hylin and Fibro cartilage

88
Q

what connects bodies of spinous processes?

A

Interspinous ligaments

89
Q

What connects tips of spinous processes?

A

Supraspinous ligament

90
Q

Define Filum Terminale

A

tube of pia that continues from the conus medullaris down to the coccyx

91
Q

At which vertebral point does the spinal cord end?

A

L1-L2

92
Q

How many of each segment of the spinal cord are there?

A

Cervical- 8
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral- 5
Coccyx- 1

93
Q

What is found in the dorsal root ganglia?

A

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons

94
Q

Does the length of nerve roots increase or decrease going down the spinal cord?

A

Increase

95
Q

Which spinal cord section has the largest grey matter in cross-section?

A

sacral

96
Q

Which spinal cord section has smallest grey matter in cross-section?

A

cervical

97
Q

Which spinal cord section has smallest white matter in cross section?

A

Sacral

98
Q

which spinal cord section has largest white matter in cross section?

A

cervical

99
Q

technical term for midbrain

A

mesencephalon

100
Q

Which Cranial Nerve nuclei are found on midbrain?

A

oculomotor (III) and trochlear (IV)

101
Q

Which Cranial Nerve nuclei are found on the pons?

A

V-VIII
trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear

102
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei are found on the medulla

A

VIII-XII
Vestibulocochlear (found between pons and medulla), Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

103
Q

What is the bulbo-pontine sulcus?

A

junction between pons and medulla

104
Q

what’s the basilar sulcus

A

groove running along the midline ventral surface of the pons

105
Q

what’s the anterior median fissure?

A

Groove running along the midline ventral medulla

106
Q

Where are the pyramids found?

A

either side of the anterior median fissure on of the medulla

107
Q

Where are the olives found?

A

Lateral to pyramids on the medulla

108
Q

what’s the ventrolateral sulcus

A

sulcus separating the pyramids and olives

109
Q

Which cranial nerve’s rootlets exit on the ventrolateral sulcus on the medulla?

A

Hypoglossal

110
Q

What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

medulla and cerebellum

111
Q

What does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

pons and cerebellum

112
Q

what does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect?

A

midbrain and cerebellum

113
Q

Are the cerebellar peduncles afferent, efferent or both?

A

both- bidirectional

114
Q

What are the bumps on the anterior midbrain?

A

cerebral peduncles

115
Q

what are the 4 bumps on the posterior midbrain

A

colliculi

116
Q

what’s the latin word for the 4 colliculi?

A

corpora quadremina

117
Q

what sense are the superior colliculi involved in?

A

Visual

118
Q

what sense are the inferior colliculi involved in?

A

Auditory

119
Q

what is the cut off line between the ventral tegmentum and dorsal tectum of the midbrain?

A

cerebral aqueduct

120
Q

what does the substantia nigra overlie

A

the crus cerebri

121
Q

Does the medial geniculate body of the thalamus relay visual or auditory information?

A

auditory
remember MALE

122
Q

Does the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus relay visual or auditory information?

A

visual
remember MALE

123
Q

what is the locus coereleus

A

a nucleus in the upper pons of noradrenergic neurons with extensive connections to forebrain, brainstem, spinal cord, cerebellum etc.
neuromelanin- dark

124
Q

is the optic chiasm anterior or posterior to pituitary gland?

A

anterior

125
Q

where do oculomotor and trochlear neurons arise?

A

the junction of midbrain and pons

126
Q

what does someone’s eyes look like with a dysfunctional ocular motor cranial nerve?

A

eyes looking down and out

127
Q

Describe the structure of the cerebellum

A

2 ovoid hemispheres joined in the middle by narrow vermis
Outer grey matter layer (cortex), inner WM, surrounding central deep nuclei
Folia folding- as opposed to sulci/gyri
Tonsils
Each hemisphere has 2 lobes- anterior and posterior separated by primary fissure
Flocculus

128
Q

what is the role of the flocculonodular lobe?

A

primarily balance and eye movement

129
Q

What are the 3 main inputs to the cerebellum?

A
  • corticopontocerebellar - info from primary motor cortex via the middle peduncle (pons)
  • Vestibulocerebellar- vestibular impulses from labyrinths (inner ear) via inferior peduncle (medulla)
  • Spinocerebellar- sensory input for balance and position sense (proprioception) from superior peduncle (midbrain)
130
Q

What’s the largest deep-brain nuclei in the cerebellum?

A

dentate nucleus

131
Q

Where does the output of the dendate nucleus go?

A

out via superior peduncle to the red nucleus of the midbrain to the thalamus and then motor/premotor cortices

132
Q

Describe motor planning in the cerebellum

A

corticopontine inpts to lateral cerebellar hemispheres involved in motor planning, with output via dendate to thalamus - motor and premotor cortices

133
Q

describe motor execution in the cerebellum

A

involves vermis and medial regions of cerebellum recieving sensory inputsfor motor execution
output via gastigial and interposed nuclei to medial and lateral descending systems respectively

134
Q

what forms the floor of the 4th ventricle?

A

rhomboid fossa

135
Q

is gracile tubercle lower or upper limb?

A

lower

136
Q

is cuneate tubercle lower or upper limb?

A

upper

137
Q

what is the line down the middle of the rhomboid fossa?

A

median sulcus

138
Q

what are the gracile and cuneate tubules part of?

A

dorsal medium lemniscus column

139
Q

what is the dorsal medium lemniscus column function

A

sensory-
fine touch, vibration, 2-point discrimination and proprioception

140
Q

what’s the medullary striae?

A

pontocerebellary fibres running from the pons to cerebellum

141
Q

What is the obex?

A

inferior tip of rhomboid fossa- inside is area postrema- nausea response to toxins

142
Q

what’s the hypothalamic sulcus?

A

demarkation between thalamus and hypothalamus

143
Q

where is the lamina terminalis

A

anterior to hypothalamus, keeping CSF of 3rd ventricle in

144
Q

what structures make up the epithalamus?

A

posterior commisure (posterior inferior to thalamus), habenula (above) and pineal body (above)

145
Q

what separates the anterior horns of the lateral ventricle?

A

septum pellucidum

146
Q

How does CSF travel from lateral ventricle to 3rd ventricle?

A

intraventricular foramen/ foramen of munroe

147
Q

what’s the rostrum

A

the backward curve from the genu of the corpus callosum

148
Q

what does the fornix connect?

A

hippocampus with the diencephalon

149
Q

Where is the calcarine sulcus?

A

at a right angle to the parieto-occipital sulcus

150
Q

describe the papez circuit- starting at hippocampus

A

hippocampus–> fimbria (hippocampal thickening to form the–> fornix (arches over thalamus) –> fornix columns descend behind hypothalamus and project to the mamillary body–> mammillothalamic tract–> thalamus–> projections out to cingulate gyrus–> back round to parahippocampal gyrus–> entorhinal cortex–>hippocampus

151
Q

what do association fibres connect?

A

cortical fibres within hemispheres e.g. cingulm bindles from cingulate cortex to parahippocampus)

152
Q

what kind of fibres are internal capsule?

A

projection fibres

153
Q

what do projection fibres connect?

A

cortical and subcortical regions

154
Q

breifly describe the olfactory pathway

A

olfactory epithelium–> olfactory bulb–> olfactory tract –> divides into medial and lateral olfactory striae

155
Q

Describe the lateral olfactory striae

A

the majority of olfactory projections take this route, goes to the uncus, where the primary olfactory cortex is
also outputs to hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex via the thalamus

156
Q

what is the function of the lateral olfactory striae?

A

initial perception and recognition of smells

157
Q

Describe the medial olfactory striae

A

projections to septal nuclei and olfactory centres via anterior commissure on either side

158
Q

what is the largest bundle of association fibres?

A

superior longitudinal fassiculus

159
Q

what makes up tthe floor of te inferior horn of the lateral ventricle?

A

hippocampus

160
Q

what does the caudate nucleus follow?

A

the curve of the lateral ventricle

161
Q

what does the tail of caudate nucleus touch?

A

the amygdala

162
Q

what’s the name of the anterior bulge of the hippocampus?

A

pes hippocampi

163
Q

Starting from the lateral ventricle, moving laterally, name the basal ganglia structures

A

LV- caudate nucleus- internal capsule- globus pallidus medial- medial medullary lamina- globus pallidus lateral- lateral medullary lamina- putamen- external capsule- claustrum- extreme capsule- insula cortex

164
Q

Where is the insula cortex found?

A

bottom of lateral fissure

165
Q

what makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

globus pallidus, putamen and the white matter within this

Neuroanatomy (5 decks)

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