Disturbance

Question 1

– lesion where excess fluids accumulate in interstitial tissue spaces.
- may be a transudate or an exudatefluid

Answer 1

Edema

Question 2

– refers to a lesion where blood may be kept from reaching an area of
tissue and the tissue becomes necrotic.
- a necrotized, vascular area blocked byembolic lesion.

Answer 2

Infarct

Question 3

– process of necrotizing an area blocked by thrombus or other embolic lesion

Answer 3

Infarction

Question 4

– an intravascular solid clot formed

Answer 4

Thrombus

Question 5

– refers to a process by which a blood may clot within blood vessels

Answer 5

Thrombosis

Question 6

• a vascular space-occupying lesion.
• may be a dislodged blood clot, a parasite, or an air bubble

Answer 6

Embolus

Question 7

– process whereby a floating mass may occlude vascular channels

Answer 7

Embolism

Question 8

– is the generalized failure of peripheral circulation

Answer 8

Shock

Question 9

HEMORRHAGE
Hemorrhages occur when red blood cells are present outside the blood vessels. The vessel may be physically damaged (hemorrhage by __________) so that the cells simpy flow out through, or the cells may pass through an intact vascular wall by a process called _________.

Answer 9

rhexis
diapedesis

Question 10

• tiny pinpoint
  hemorrhage measuring 1 to 2 mm sized foci.

Answer 10

Petechial hemorrhage

Question 11

Photograph showing
petechial hemorrhages
visible along the kidney
capsule. This lesion is
pathognomonic of _______<

Answer 11

Hog
cholera infection.

Question 12

larger areas of
hemorrhage measuring 2 to 3 cm in size.

Answer 12

Ecchymotic hemorrhage

Question 13

• refers to extensive streaking with hemorrhage.
• (lesion as if someone literally splashed red paint on the tissue)

Answer 13

Paint-brush type

Question 14

Petechial hemorrhage - tiny pinpoint
hemorrhage measuring 1 to 2 mm sized foci.
Photograph showing
petechial hemorrhages
visible along the kidney
capsule. This lesion is
pathognomonic of Hog
cholera infection.
Ecchymotic hemorrhage - larger areas of
hemorrhage measuring 2 to 3 cm in size.
Paint-brush type - refers to extensive streaking with hemorrhage.
- (lesion as if someone literally splashed red paint on the tissue)
The above three types usually occur on serosal or mucosal surfaces and are visible but cannot be palpated

Question 15

– occurs when sufficientred cells come out in one area
to form a lump, the lesion is called

Answer 15

Hematoma (or more appropriately HEMATOCYST)

Question 16

Massive hemorrhage into a body cavity is called:
______,_____,________ depending on the area affected

Answer 16

hemopericardium, hemothorax or hemoperitoneum,

Question 17

is a clinical term applied to an animal that has extensive petechial and ecchymotic
hemorrhages on serous and mucous surfaces.

Answer 17

Purpura
purpura is more of a descriptive term and does not imply a specific disease

Question 18

– (skin lesion) is a result of hemorrhage.
Presence of hemosiderin-ladenmacrophages and erythrophagocytosis are indications of former
hemorrhage.

Answer 18

Bruise

Question 19

Diseases that result in marked bleeding tendencies are named

Answer 19

hemorrhagic diatheses

Question 20

3 factors used in defining the types of pathological Hyperemia

Answer 20

1. Duration
2. Extent
3. Mechanisms

Question 21

DURATION: acute/chronic

Acute: implies abrupt onset with rapid development

Chronic: slowly developing and/or present for a long time

Question 22

2. EXTENT:

Answer 22

Local: change confined to a discrete area (localized or limited)

Generalized: indicates a systemic change or generalized within an

Question 23

MECHANISMS: active/passive

Active: due to arteriolar flow

Passive: due to impaired venous drainage

Question 24

Acute Local Active Hyperemia:

Engorgement of the vascular bed due to increased arteriolar blood flow into an area -cardinal sign of inflammation =

“Hyperemia of Inflammation”

Question 25

:An excessive amount of blood (refers to volume) 1. implication passive, venous engorgement AKA Passive Hyperemia Causes: Right Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension Gross: - mottled appearance - "nutmeg liver"

Answer 25

CONGESTION

Question 26

:An excessive amount of blood (refers to volume) 1. implication passive, venous engorgement AKA Passive Hyperemia Causes: Right Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension Gross: - mottled appearance - "nutmeg liver"

Answer 26

CONGESTION

Question 27

2. Acute Local Passive Hyperemia: Local obstruction to venous drainage • Passive engorgement of the drainage area Blood backs up into the microvascular bed Local venous engorgement results

Question 28

Chronic Local Passive Hyperemia: Differs from #2 by the time frame required Example - A slowly developing tumour or abscess enlarges and eventually compresses adjacent veins can produce passive hyperemia. Another example- A chronic inflammatory lesions that progresses to fibrosis and can lead to venous outflow obstruction. eg. Hepatic CIRRHOSIS

Question 29

Chronic Generalized Passive HYPEREMIA NOTE: Generalized passive hyperemias (congestions) are most often associated with pathology of either the heart or lungs (there are exceptions) CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE Chronic Generalized Passive Hyperemia LUNG- certain types of primary pulmonary disease Progressive loss of the pulmonary vascular bed Pulmonary hypertension psi within pulmonary arteries Right heart failure (secondary to primary pulmonary disease) DEFINITION: COR PULMONALE: the syndrome of right heart failure resulting from primary pulmonary disease

Question 30

Starling's law: Hydrostatic pressure in the vascular system (aided slightly by perivascular osmotic pressure) moves fluid out of the system. Osmotic pressures of the plasma proteins, and to a lesser extent, tissue pressure around blood vessels are the forces that contain the fluid within the vascular system.

Question 31

Interstitial Tissue Fluid: Intermediary-all metabolic products pass to enter or leave cells -constant exchange both with plasma and with cellular fruids. Endothelium + underlying basement membrane allows the free passage of H₂O lons and opposes the passage of plasma proteins.

Question 32

___________–passageofbloodthroughtheuterus. ____________–vomitingofblood.

Answer 32

Metrorrhagia Hematemesis

Question 33

__________________–defecation of blood. ___________________–linear or streaked appearance ofhemorrhage. ________–pin point hemorrhage one to two millimeter-sized foci

Answer 33

Hematochezia Paint-brushhemorrhage Petechia(e)

Question 34

– refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces. - defined as excessive visible accumulation of extracellularfluid in interstitial tissues and in various body cavities. - it may be a transudate or an exudate. (Note: Edema is a lesion and not a specific disease)

Answer 34

EDEMA

Question 35

EDEMA – refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces. - defined as excessive visible accumulation of extracellularfluid in interstitial tissues and in various body cavities. - it may be a transudate or an exudate. (Note: Edema is a lesion and not a specific disease). This illustrates the process whereby blood and fluids are passed through the tissues. In general, the etiology relates to changes in: Or MECHANISM OF EDEMA FORMATION:

Answer 35

a. hydrostatic pressure ofblood b. osmotic pressure of blood and tissue fluid c. permeability changes of capillaries d. lymphatic obstruction

Question 36

- Alterations in the venous side (i.e. obstruction) results to increase in the hydrostatic pressure along whole capillary. - Increased hydrostatic pressure is a result of increase venous pressure (e.g. cardiac failure, mechanical obstruction to venous drainage) e.g. in chronic congestion; twisted orobstructed bow . el

Answer 36

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CHANGES

Question 37

- Alterations in the venous side (i.e. obstruction) results to increase in the hydrostatic pressure along whole capillary. - Increased hydrostatic pressure is a result of increase venous pressure (e.g. cardiac failure, mechanical obstruction to venous drainage) e.g. in chronic congestion; twisted orobstructed bow . el

Answer 37

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE CHANGES

Question 38

- Variation in osmotic pressure result from reduced plasma protein levels blood and may occur from decreased formation or excessive loss of plasma from blood. - Decreased blood osmotic pressure results from low plasma starvation, excessive proteins following loss (e.g. renal diseases), or underproduction (e.g. liver disease). - i.e., in protein-losing disorders; hypoalbuminemia.

Answer 38

OSMOTIC PRESSURE CHANGES

Question 39

- Variation in osmotic pressure result from reduced plasma protein levels blood and may occur from decreased formation or excessive loss of plasma from blood. - Decreased blood osmotic pressure results from low plasma starvation, excessive proteins following loss (e.g. renal diseases), or underproduction (e.g. liver disease). - i.e., in protein-losing disorders; hypoalbuminemia.

Answer 39

OSMOTIC PRESSURE CHANGES

Question 40

result from direct damage, as in trauma or inflammation, and also from anoxia, as in heart failure. - Increased capillary permeability occurs in association with inflammation.

Answer 40

PERMEABILITY CHANGES - Permeability changes

Question 41

may occur when any lesion impedes normal lymphatic drainage by pressure or obstruction. - Lymphatic obstruction prevents the drainage of tissue fluids leading to damming of fluids in the tissue. - i.e. tumor that blockslymphatics; elephantiasis, etc.

Answer 41

LYMPHATICOBSTRUCTION - Lymphatic obstruction

Question 42

- Na+ holds excessive water in interstitial tissues. - Increased osmotic pressure of extracellular fluids is due to an excess of sodium ions in extracellular fluid following impaired excretion of sodium (e.g., excess mineralocorticoid (hyperadrenocortisolism), excess salt intake, kidney disease, or possibly increase in ADH).

Answer 42

INCREASED RENAL SODIUM

Question 43

Recognition of Edema Subcutaneous tissues may show swelling. Edema is recognized by excess clear fluid and is most easily visualized beneath the skin or between the layers of mucous membranes or in lobules of the lung, where there isspace for accumulation to occur.

Question 44

- generalized edema. - extreme edema in the entire body, as occurs in some aborted fetuses

Answer 44

Anasarca

Question 45

- generalized edema. - extreme edema in the entire body, as occurs in some aborted fetuses

Answer 45

Anasarca

Question 46

- a common lesion affecting lungs and is often the immediate cause of death in many different disease conditions. (i.e. resultant of left congestive heart failure or LCHF)

Answer 46

Pulmonary edema

Question 47

Edema is such a characteristic lesion in some specific diseases that it is incorporated into the name of the disease: - “gut edema” caused by Escherichia coli inpigs - “malignant edema” caused by Clostridium septicumin several species

Question 48

In the usual H& E, the EDEMA fluid appears as ____ homogenous material.

Answer 48

PINK-STAINING

Question 49

s the abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces or body cavities, resulting from an imbalance in forces driving fluid in and out of capillaries.

Answer 49

Edema

Question 50

Elevated pressure within vessels (e.g., in heart failure) forces fluid into the interstitial space. Seen in conditions like congestive heart failure and portal hypertension

Answer 50

Increased Hydrostatic Pressure:

Question 51

: Reduced plasma proteins (like albumin) decrease the pull of fluid back into vessels, leading to edema. Causes include hypoproteinemia from malnutrition, liver disease, or kidney disorders

Answer 51

Decreased Oncotic Pressure

Question 52

: Inflammatory or toxic injury increases endothelial permeability, allowing fluid and proteins to leak into tissues. Seen in inflammation, infections, or toxin exposure.

Answer 52

Increased Vascular Permeability

Question 53

Blocked lymphatic vessels prevent the drainage of excess fluid from tissues, leading to lymphedema. Causes include tumors or surgical trauma.

Answer 53

Lymphatic Obstruction:

Question 54

Clinical Manifestations Localized Edema: Often seen in areas of inflammation or venous/lymphatic obstruction. Generalized Edema (Anasarca): Associated with systemic conditions like heart or renal failure. Pulmonary Edema: Fluid in the lungs, frequently due to heart failure, leads to respiratory distress. Ascites: Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, often due to liver disease or heart failure.

Question 55

change confined to a discrete area (localized or limited)

Answer 55

Local

Question 56

: indicates a systemic change or generalized within an

Answer 56

Generalized

Question 57

– lesion when larger areas of hemorrhage,petechiae and ecchymoses are scattered on many body surf aces(generalized).

Answer 57

Purpura