Immuno pathology

Question 1

The recognition or discrimination between the so-called ______ and _____ is the primary role of the immune system. This
recognition of ______ is important to protect against invading microorganisms, chemical agents, or other foreign substances.

Answer 1

“self” and “non-self”
non-self

Question 2

Elimination of
foreign or non-self of the immune system involves a variety of mechanisms
such as:

Answer 2

1.Inactivation of biologic agents
2.Lysis of foreign cells
3.Agglutination of molecules
4.Precipitation of molecules or cells
5.Phagocytosis of foreign materials

Question 3

Immune reactions are divided into two broad categories:

Answer 3

Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity

Question 4

Humoral immunity
•
B-cell lymphocyte mediated via production of antibody
•
Often develops as a response to soluble antigens
•
B cells account for about 20% of circulating lymphocytes
•
Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements allow tremendous diversity of
responses to many antigens
In the diagram of an
immunoglobulin molecule, note
that there are two heavy (H)
chains and two light (L) chains
linked by disulfide bonds. Each
heavy and light chain has a
constant (C) and a variable (V)
region. It is the variable regions
in the Fab portion that react
with a specific antigen and give
rise to the diversity of
immunologic response.
Immunoglobulin can attach via
the Fc portion to a variety of
cells with Fc receptors.

Answer 4

Pg. 32

Question 5

There are five immunoglobulin classes (isotypes) of antibody
molecules found in serum:

Answer 5

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.
1. IgA (immunoglobulin A)
2. IgD (immunoglobulin D)
3. IgE (immunoglobulin E)
4. IgG (immunoglobulin G)
5. IgM (immunoglobulin M)

Question 6

ACTION OF ANTIBODIES

Answer 6

• Agglutinin- antibodies that cause agglutination of cells
• Anti-toxin – neutralizes toxins or poisons
• Lysin – antibodies that cause lysis of cells
• Opsonin – antibodies that present or enhance phagocytosis
• Precipitins - antibodies that cause precipitation

Question 7

• - antibodies that cause agglutination of cells

Answer 7

Agglutinin

Question 8

neutralizes toxins or poisons

Answer 8

Anti-toxin

Question 9

antibodies that cause lysis of cells

Answer 9

Lysin

Question 10

antibodies that present or enhance phagocytosis

Answer 10

Opsonin

Question 11

antibodies that cause precipitation

Answer 11

Precipitins

Question 12

Cellular immunity
•
T-cell lymphocyte mediated
•
CD4+ helper lymphocytes: help B cells make antibody and also help to
generate cytotoxic T cells; participate in delayed hypersensitivity reactions;
account for 60% of peripheral T lymphocytes
•
CD8+ suppressor lymphocytes: are cytotoxic; represent about
30% of circulating T lymphocytes
•
T-cell receptors (TCR) are genetically programmed to recognize
specific antigens and can rearrange their alpha and beta genes to respond to
antigenic stimuli o Macrophages process antigen and present it with class
II HLA to the CD4+ cells o
Cytokines such as interleukin (IL) and
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are elaborated by activated T cells to enhance
cellular immune reactions

Answer 12

Pg. 32

Question 13

help B cells make antibody and also help to
generate cytotoxic T cells; participate in delayed hypersensitivity reactions;
account for 60% of peripheral T lymphocytes

Answer 13

CD4+ helper lymphocytes:

Question 14

: are cytotoxic; represent about
30% of circulating T lymphocytes

Answer 14

CD8+ suppressor lymphocytes

Question 15

are genetically programmed to recognize
specific antigens and can rearrange their alpha and beta genes to respond to
antigenic stimuli

Answer 15

T-cell receptors (TCR)

Question 16

Macrophages process antigen and present it with

Answer 16

class II HLA to the CD4+ cells

Question 17

are elaborated by activated T cells to enhance
cellular immune reactions

Answer 17

Cytokines such as interleukin (IL) and
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 18

The reaction of tissues to antigen (AG) is mediated by two cell types:

Answer 18

B LYMPHOCYTES (Bursae-derived)
.
T LYMPHOCYTES (Thymus-derived)

Question 19

Secretes ________ after conversion to ________

Answer 19

ANTIBODIES
PLASMA CELLS.

Question 20

• Responsible for cell-mediated immunity. It does not secrete antibodies.
  Rather, releases LYMPHOKINES.

Answer 20

T LYMPHOCYTES (Thymus-derived)

Question 21

T LYMPHOCYTES (Thymus-derived)
- Responsible for cell-mediated immunity. It does not secrete antibodies.
Rather, releases _____________.

Answer 21

LYMPHOKINES

Question 22

_________________ This is mediated by IgE antibodies bound to mast cells
and basophils that is formed in response to a particular antigen (or allergen).
In this type of hypersensitivity, clinical signs/symptoms occur after the
release of pharmacologically active compounds from mast cells and basophils.
These cells (basophils and mast cells) possess receptors capable of binding the
Fc portion of the IgE molecule. M

Answer 22

TYPE I. IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY or ANAPHYLACTIC HYEPRSENSITIVITY

Question 23

Mast cell and/or basophil degranulation
releases the following pharmacologically and biologically active compounds:

Answer 23

1. Histamine
2. Leukotrienes
3. Eosinophil
   chemotactic
   factor
4. Platelet
   activating
   factor
5. Kallikrein
6. Platelet
   aggregating
   factor
7. Kinins
8. Serotonins
9. Proteolytic substances

Question 24

AGENTS THAT CAUSE ANAPHYLAXIS is numerous and include:

Answer 24

a.venom or stings of biting insects
b.vaccines
c.variety of drugs
d.food substances
e.blood donors/blood products

Question 25

Clinical signs can be localized or generalized. Symptoms include:

Answer 25

1.restlessness and excitement 2.facial edema 3.pruritus on affected area 4.salivation 5.lacrimation 6.vomiting 7.diarrhea 8.abdominal pains 9.dyspnea 10.cyanosis 11.shock 12.incoordination 13.convulsions 14.death

Question 26

In domestic animal species, the symptoms of anaphylaxis vary depending in part to the distribution of mast cells in the animal body. - In DOGS, the major organ affected is the ____. Constriction of hepatic veins due to concentrations of mast cells result to portal hypertension and visceral pooling of blood. Therefore, clinical signs in dogs are gastrointestinal rather than respiratory.

Answer 26

LIVER

Question 27

-Anaphylaxis in cats (felines) is characterized by _________,_________,_______. Other signs in the cat include _______..

Answer 27

respiratory signs, bronchoconstriction and pulmonary edema dyspnea, facial itching, salivation, incoordination, collapse, shock and even death

Question 28

- In PIGS and HORSE, anaphylaxis is manifested as

Answer 28

pulmonary emphysema, peribronchiolar edema and edematous hemorrhagic enterocolitis.

Question 29

are the presenting signs involving the RUMINANTS anaphylaxis

Answer 29

Systemic hypotension, with dyspnea, urination, defecation and bloating

Question 30

Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction. A, Early reaction (minutes) is characterized by mast cell degranulation and release of pre- formed vasoactive substances that cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, resulting in edema of interstitial tissue. B, As the lesion pro- gresses to the late phase (hours), the inflammatory infiltrate is primarily composed of eosinophils and fewer lymphocytes and neutrophils.

Answer 30

Og. 35

Question 31

TYPE II

Answer 31

HYPERSENSITIVITY (CYTOTOXIC / CYTOLYTIC REACTIONS ) or AUTOIMMUNITY.

Question 32

is defined as the immune response against individual's own tissue antigens.

Answer 32

Autoimmunity

Question 33

Autoimmunity is defined as the immune response against This type of reaction can be produced subsequent to: 1. Complement – dependent reactions Occur either by direct lysis via the C5-9 (membrane attack complex) or by opsonization (or enhanced phagocytosis). Examples: Transfusion reactions from unmatched donor. Hemolytic disease of the newborn Thrombocytopenic purpura 2. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). In this, reactions can be produced through antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. In this process, antibody attaches to the target antigen through Fab (fragment antibodybinding) antigen combining sites. The Fc ( fragment cell-binding) end of the antibody is free to interact with cytotoxic cells having an Fc receptor such as macrophages, polymorphonuclear cells, and natural killer lymphocytic cells. Example: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia - own’s tissue or cell has been recognized as “NON-SELF” Immune mediated anemia in events of trypanosomosis, babesiosis Drug-induced (penicillins, aminosalicylates, phenacetin) Thrombocytopenic (aminopyrine, phenothiazine, chloramphenicol sulfonamide, phenylbutazone). Systemic lupus erythematosus - presence of anti-DNA antibody;

Question 34

Check pg 37

Question 35

Pg38 picture

Question 36

Type IV hypersensitivity is also known as

Answer 36

cell-mediated hypersensitivity

Question 37

it is the result of the interaction of T lymphocytes and the specific antigen to which they have been sensitized

Answer 37

Type IV hypersensitivity