DIT Rapid-Fire Facts Flashcards
(488 cards)
0
Q
Most common cause of congenital malformations in the US
A
Alcohol use during pregnancy
1
Q
Most common cause of neural tube defects
A
Folate deficiency
*most common vitamin deficiency in the US
2
Q
Most common cause of congenital mental retardation in US
A
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
3
Q
Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, lens discoloration
A
Marfan Syndrome
-defect in fibrillin (scaffold for elastin)
4
Q
Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
A
Alport syndrome
-defect in Type IV collagen (BM)
5
Q
Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead
A
Bell’s palsy
6
Q
Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
A
Horner’s syndrome
7
Q
“Worst headache of my life”
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
8
Q
Lucid interval following head trauma
A
Epidural hematoma
9
Q
Bloody CSF on LP
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
10
Q
Most common cause of subdural hematoma
A
Rupture of bridging veins
11
Q
Most common cause of epidural hematoma
A
Rupture of middle meningeal artery
12
Q
Toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
A
Babinski sign
13
Q
Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, positive Babinski sign
A
UMN Lesion
14
Q
Hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, muscle atrophy
A
LMN lesion
15
Q
Depigmentation of the substantia nigra
A
Parkinson’s disease
16
Q
Chorea, dementia, atrophy of caudate and putamen
A
Huntington’s disease
17
Q
Eosinophilia inclusions of cytoplasm of neurons
A
Levy bodies
- Parkinson’s disease
- Lewy body dementia
18
Q
Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
A
Internuclear opthalmoplegia
-occurs with multiple sclerosis
19
Q
Degeneration of the dorsal columns
A
Tabes dorsalis
-Tertiary syphilis
20
Q
Demyelinating disease in young women
A
Multiple sclerosis
21
Q
Mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
A
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
22
Q
Newborn with arm paralysis following difficult labor
A
Erb palsy
23
Q
Pupil that accommodates but doesn’t react to light
A
Argyll-Robertson pupil
24
Most common cause of dementia
Alzheimer's
25
Second most common cause of dementia
Multi-infarct dementia
26
Extracellular amyloid deposits in grey matter
Senile plaques - Alzheimer's
27
Intracellular deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein
Neurofibrillary tangles - Alzheimer's
28
Intracellular spherical aggregates of tau protein, seen on silver stain
Pick bodies - Pick's disease
29
Treatment for absence seizures
Ethosuximide
30
Treatment for tonic-colonic seizures
Phenytoin, Valproic acid, Carbamazepine
31
Amyloid deposits in the gray matter of the brain
Alzheimer's disease
32
Drooling farmer
Organophosphate poisoning
33
Inability to breast feed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance, secondary hypothyroidism
Sheehan's syndrome
34
Infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia
Prolactinoma/ Pituitary adenoma
35
Most common causes of Cushing syndrome
1. Exogenous cortisol
2. Ectopic ACTH
3. ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing Disease)
4. Cortisol secreting Adrenal adenoma
36
Most common tumor of adrenal gland
Benign adrenal adenoma
37
Most common tumor of adrenal medulla in adults
Pheochromocytoma
38
Most common tumor of adrenal medulla in kids
Neuroblastoma
39
Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal adenoma
40
Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism
Spironolactone (K+ sparing diuretic, acts as an aldosterone antagonist)
41
Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
Irreversible a-antagonist: phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine + B-blocker
*DO NOT give B-blocker alone bc will worsen HTN
42
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, parathyroid hyperplasia (hyperparathyroidism)
MEN 2A
43
Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, mucosal neuromas
MEN 2B
44
Adrenal disease associated with skin pigmentation
Addison's disease
45
HTN, Hypokalemia, Metabolic alkalosis, Low plasma renin
Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's Syndrome)
46
Most common thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
47
Cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
48
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
Papillary thyroid carcinoma
| -Orphan-Annie eye nuclei
49
Amyloid deposits in gray matter of the brain
Alzheimer's disease senile plaques
50
Drooling farmer
Organophosphate poisoning/ Cholinergic toxicity
51
Standard treatment for DKA
IV Fluids, IV Insulin, K+ replacement
52
Standard treatment for Type I DM
Insulin, low sugar diet
53
Standard treatment for Type II DM
Oral hypoglycemics, probably insulin, low sugar diet, weight loss
54
Most common cause of hypercalcemia
Primary hyperparathyroidism
55
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid adenoma
56
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Chronic renal failure --> hypocalcemia
57
Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
Accidental removal during thyroidectomy
58
Facial spasm when tapping on the cheek
Chvostek sign
59
Parathyroid, pancreatic, pituitary tumors
MEN 1
60
Dysphagia, glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
61
Hematemesis with retching
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
62
Mucin-filled cell with a peripheral nucleus
Signet ring cell
63
Most common type of stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
64
Ovarian metastasis from gastric cancer
Krukenburg tumor
65
Gastric ulceration and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
66
Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
Cushing ulcer
67
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling ulcer
68
Pancreatic jaundice
Pancreatic cancer
| -esp of head of pancreas
69
Most common cause of acute pancreatitis
Gallstones, Alcohol
70
Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
Alcohol abuse
71
Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, hyperpigmentation
Whipple disease
72
Anti-transglutaminase/ Anti-gliadin / Anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac sprue
73
Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
Folate
74
Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
Fatty Liver Disease
75
Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
Mallory Bodies- Alcoholic Hepatitis
76
Cancer closely linked to cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
77
Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
Crigler-Najjar-I
78
Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
Gilbert Syndrome
79
Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
| ***NO JVD***
80
Green/yellow corneal deposits
Wilson's disease
81
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson's disease
82
Cirrhosis, diabetes, hyperpigmentation
Hemochromatosis
83
Treatment for chronic hepatitis
IFN-a
84
Most common cancer of the appendix
Carcinoid tumor
85
Most common surgical emergency
Appendicitis
86
GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
87
Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
Gardner Syndrome
88
Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
Appendicitis; McBurney's sign
89
"Apple core" lesion on barium enema
Colorectal carcinoma
90
Corneal clouding, coarse facies, HSM, skeletal abnormalities,restricted joint movement +/- mental retardation
I- cell disease
Deficiency in phosphotransferase --> deficiency in M6P
91
Nuclear localization sequence is rich in which AAs
Lysine, Arginine, Proline
NLS is necessary for protein entry into nucleus
92
Mutation in Nuclear Lamins leads to
Progeria
Muscular dystrophy
93
Bronchiectasis, recurrent sinus infections, infertility, situs inversus
Kartagener syndrome
| -defect in dyenin arm leads to immobile cilia
94
PDGF, Growth factors, Insulin, Insulin-GF act on what receptor
Tyrosine kinase receptor
- bind Extracellular ligand, conformation change, intracellular domain transfers phosphate group from ATP to selected tyrosine side chains
- autophosphorylation is 1st step in signaling cascade that uses this receptor
95
What are the two most abundant substances in plasma membranes
Cholesterol, Phospholipids
96
Labile cells
Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles, germ cells
-constantly regenerate therefore G0 is absent and G1 is short
97
What are the mechanisms of cell injury
- ATP depletion
- Mitochondrial damage
- Ca2+ influx
- Accumulation of oxygen free radicals
98
Enzymes that handle oxygen free radicals
Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase
99
Elevated ESR
- Polymyalgia rheumatica
- Temporal arteritis
- Disease activity in RA and SLE
- Infection, Inflammation i.e. Osteomyelitis
- Malignancy
100
Cell that generates fibrinogen and CRP
Hepatocyte
101
Metals that facilitate generation of oxygen free radicals
Iron, Copper
102
Blue sclera, multiple fractures with minimal trauma, hearing loss, dental imperfections, presentation can be confused with child abuse
Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Type I: AD, mutation in alpha chains of Type I collagen or mutation/defect in glycosylation of preprocollagen to form procollagen
- Type II: AR, mutation in Type II collagen, often die in utero
103
Joint instability, Hypermobile joints, Hyperextensible skin, vascular sx, organ rupture, berry aneurysm, aortic aneurysm, tendency to bleed
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- defect in collagen synthesis- typically Type I&III
- Type III collagen defect ---> vascular sx, risk of organ rupture
- Type V collagen defect ---> hyperextensible skin
104
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Dysfunction in microtubule polymerization leads to defect in lysosomes and phage some formation
105
Lipofuscin granule
Result of free radical lipid peroxidation; brown pigmented residual body within cell
106
Amino acids modified in the Golgi apparatus
Serine, Threonine, Asparagine
107
Incr AFP
Anencephaly or abdominal wall defect
108
Main inhibitory NT in brain
GABA
| -decr levels in Huntingon's disease and Anxiety
109
Main inhibitory NT in SC
Glycine
110
Main excitatory NT in brain
Glutamate
111
NT levels in Anxiety disorder
Incr. NE
| Decr. GABA, 5-HT
112
Principle NT in REM Sleep
ACh
113
Acetylcholinesterases used to treat Alzheimer's
Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine
114
Group of genes responsible for skeletal development
HOX genes
115
Drugs used to treat urge incontinence
Oxybutinin, Tolteridine, Darifenacin, Solifenacin, Trospium
116
Substances that inhibit NE Reuptake
Cocaine, TCAs
117
Substances that stimulate NE release from neurons
Amphetamine, Ephedrine, Tyramine, Ca2+, ATII (maybe)
118
Pancreatic beta cells
Insulin
119
Pancreatic alpha cells
Glucagon
120
Pancreatic delta cells
Somatostatin
121
Estradiol
Ovaries
122
Estriol
Placenta
123
Estrone
Adipose tissue
124
Anterior pituitary hormones
GH, FSH, LH, ACTH, PRL, TSH
125
Posterior pituitary hormones
- Oxytocin: made in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
| - ADH/Vasopressin: made in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
126
Hypothalamic hormones
TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH
127
Adrenal cortex- Zona Reticularis
Testosterone
128
Adrenal cortex- Zona Fasciculata
Glucocorticoids
129
Adrenal cortex- Zona Glomerulosa
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
130
What are the side effects of glucocorticoid use
- Iatrogenic Cushing disease: moon facies, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, muscle wasting, easy bruising, thin skin
- Insomnia, Psychosis
- Acne, Glaucoma
- Osteporosis, Glucose intolerance/ Diabetes, Peptic ulcer
131
MEN 2A and 2B are associated with what gene mutation
Ret
132
Neuroblastoma is associated with what gene mutation
N-myc oncogene overexpression
133
What is the main synthetic mineralocorticoid given to stimulate aldosterone receptors in patients with Aldosterone deficiency
Fludrocortisone
134
Tumors that secrete EPO
- Pheochromocytoma
- Renal cell carcinoma
- Hemangioblastoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
135
Drug of choice for anaphylactic shock
Epinephrine
| - b>a; a1, a2, b1, b2
136
Drug of choice for cardiogenic shock
Dobutamine
| -b1>b2, a
137
Drug of choice for septic shock
Norepinephrine
| -a1>a2>b1
138
What abnormalities are often found with an Arnold-Chiari malformation?
Syringomyelia, Myelomeningocele
139
Classic presenting symptoms of Syringomyelia
Bilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation in a cape-like distribution (C8-T1) in the upper extremities/ back
-severe cases that expand to involve the anterior horn --> weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hand
140
Increased AFP
Anencephaly, Failure of abdominal wall to close, Hepatocellular carcinoma
141
Decreased AFP
Down syndrome
142
4 major dopaminergic pathways
- Mesocortical
- Mesolimbic
- Nigrostriatal
- Tuberoinfundibular
143
Blocking Mesocortical pathway
Incr. negative symptoms of psychosis
144
Blockage of Mesolimbic pathway
Relief of psychosis
| -target of Dopamine antagonists
145
Blockage of Nigrostriatal pathway
Parkinsonism sx
146
Stimulation of Nigrostriatal pathway
Extrapyramidal symptoms
147
Blockage of Tuberoinfundibular pathway
Incr. release of Prolactin from pituitary --> Hypogonadism --> Amenorrhea in women, Decr. Libido, Gynecomastia, Galactorreha in men
148
Treatment of Prolactinoma
Dopamine agonist- Bromocriptine
149
Degeneration of basal nucleus of Meynert, decr. CNS ACh
Alzheimer's disease
150
What are the thalamic nuclei
- Paraventricular
- Supraoptic
- Anterior
- Preoptic
- Suprachiasmatic
- Dorsomedial
- Posterior
- Lateral
- Mamillary
- Ventromedial
- Arcuate
151
Arcuate nucleus
Hypothalamic nucleus
| -releasing hormones (CRH, GHRH, GnRH, TRH) affect anterior pituitary
152
Ventromedial nucleus
Hypothalamic nucleus
| -satiety; stimulated by leptin
153
Lateral nucleus
Hypothalamic nucleus
| -hunger; inhibited by leptin
154
Posterior
Hypothalamic nucleus
| -hearing, sympathetic nervous system
155
Dorsomedial nucleus
Hypothalamic nucleus
- GI
- stimulation --> savage behavior, obesity
156
Suprachiasmatic
Hypothalamic nucleus
| -circadian rhythm
157
Preoptic area
Hypothalamic nucleus
| -GnRH
158
Anterior nucleus
Hypothalamic nucleus
| -cooling, parasympathetic nervous system
159
Supraoptic nucleus
Hypothalamic nucleus
| -makes ADH
160
Paraventricular nucleus
Hypothalamic nucleus
| -Makes oxytocin
161
What secondary messenger do FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH use
cAMP
162
What secondary messenger does CRH use
cAMP
163
What secondary messenger do GHRH, TRH, GnRH, Oxytocin and ADH use
IP3
164
What molecules use cGMP as a secondary messenger
AMP, NO
165
What molecules act on tyrosine kinase receptors
Insulin, IGF-1, GH, PDGF, FGF, Cytokines, Prolactin
166
Decreases endocrine and exocrine secretion, reduces splanchnic blood flow, reduces gastric motility and gallbladder contraction, inhibits secretion of most gastrointestinal hormones
Somatostatin
167
What do LH, FSH, TSH and hCG have in common
a-subunit
168
Clinical features of acromegaly
- large hands and feet
- deep voice
- impaired glucose tolerance
- coarse facial features, large tongue, incr. spacing of teeth
169
Caused by Cystic fibrosis
Meconium ileus
170
Caused by adhesions
Small bowel obstruction
171
"Bulls eye" on ultrasound
Intussusception
172
Common in post op
Intestinal ileus
173
Currant jelly stool
Intussusception
174
GI pain out of proportion to exam
Ischemic colitis
175
Impaired defection with alternating diarrhea and constipation
Irritable bowel syndrome
176
Most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract
Meckel's diverticulum
177
Diverticulum that contains 2 types of epithelium? What are those types?
Meckel's diverticulum- pancreatic and gastric epithelium
178
Pneumatosis intestinalis
Necrotizing enterocolitis
179
AST > ALT
> 2:1
Alcoholic cirrhosis
180
Incr. GGT, Incr. ALP
Biliary tract disease
181
Incr. ALP
Bone formation, obstructive hepatobiliary disease, Hepatocellular carcinoma, bone disease
182
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Ascites, hepatomegaly, no JVD
183
Decr. Ceruloplasmin, kayser- fleischer rings
Wilson's disease
184
Cirrhosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Skin pigmentation
| Incr. Ferritin, decr. TIBC, incr. Transferring saturation
Hemochromatosis
185
a1-anti trypsin deficiency affects what organs
Liver --> Cirrhosis
| Lungs --> Panacinar emphysema
186
Treatment of Wilson's disease
Penicillinamine or Trientine
187
Treatment of Hemochromatosis
Repeated phlebotomy, deferasirox, deferoxamine
188
Charcot's Triad of Cholangitis
Jaundice, Fever, Right upper quadrant pain
189
Reynold's Pentad
Jaundice, Fever, RUQ pain, hypotension, altered mental status
190
+ Murphy sign
Inspiratory arrest on RUQ palpating d/t pain
| -occurs with Cholecystitis
191
Fructose intolerance
Aldolase B deficiency
192
Essential Fructosuria
Fructokinase
193
Classic Galactosemia
Galactose-1-phosphotransferase
194
What structures run through the cavernous sinus
CN III, IV, V1, V2, VI
195
Hartnup disease
Autosomal recessive; deficiency of neutral amino acid transporters in proximal renal tubular cells and on enterocytes
Can lead to pellagra like sx
196
Lack of NADPH Oxidase
Chronic granulomatous disease
197
Rate limiting enzyme of HMP shunt (pentose phosphate pathway)
G6P-Dehydrogenase deficiency
198
Defect in fructokinase
Essential Fructosuria
199
Deficiency of Aldolase B
Fructose intolerance
200
Hereditary deficiency of galactokinase
Galactokinase deficiency
201
Absence of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferas
Classic Galactosemia
202
Most common urea cycle disorder
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
| -X-linked recessive
203
Decr. Phenylalanine hydroxylase or decr. BH4
Phenylketonuria
204
Homogentisate oxidase deficiency
Alkaptonuria
205
Cystathione synthase deficiency
Homocystinuria
206
Decr. affinity of cystathionine synthase for pyridoxal phosphate
Homocystinuria
207
Hereditary defect of renal PCT and intestinal amino acid transporter for cysteine, ornithine, lysine, arginine
Cystinuria
208
Decr. a-ketoacid dehydrogenase
Maple Syrup Urine Disease
209
Want are the symptoms of PKU
Intellectual disability, growth retardation, seizures, fair skin, eczema, musty body odor
210
Rate limiting enzyme for Glycolysis
Phosphofructokinase
211
Rate limiting enzyme for Gluconeogenesis
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
212
Rate limiting enzyme for TCA cycle
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
213
Rate limiting enzyme for Glycogen synthesis
Glycogen synthase
214
Rate limiting enzyme for Glycogenolysis
Glycogen phosphorylase
215
Mineral compounds used to treat esophageal reflux
Aluminum hydroxide, Magnesium hydroxide, Calcium carbonate
216
Side effects of glucocorticoid use
Osteoporosis, glucose intolerance/ diabetes, insomnia, psychosis, glaucoma, acne, peptic ulcer, iatrogenic Cushing syndrome (moon facies, buffalo hump, thin skin, truncal obesity, easy bruising, muscle wasting)
217
Cofactors required for Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
Thiamine pyrophosphate, Lipoic acid, CoA, FAD, NAD
218
Cofactors required for a-ketoglutarate
Thiamine pyrophosphate, Lipoic acid, CoA, FAD, NAD
219
CTLs against donor MHC
Acute rejection
- cell mediated
- occurs in weeks-months
220
T-cells perceive donor MHC as non-self
Chronic rejection
- Ab mediated
- occurs in months-yrs
221
Preformed Abs to Donor Ags
Hyperacute rejection
| -immediate
222
Stomach biopsy reveals neutrophils above BM, loss of surface epithelium, fibrin containing purulent exudate
Acute Gastritis
223
Stomach biopsy reveals lymphoid aggregates in lamina propria, columnar absorptive cells, atrophy of glandular structures
Chronic Gastritis
224
Diffuse thickening of gastric folds, elevated serum gastric levels, biopsy reveals glandular hyperplasia without foveolar hyperplasia
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
225
Receptors found on gastric parietal cells that regulate acid secretion
```
H2: responds to histamine
CCK-B: responds to gastric
M3: responds to ACh
Prostaglandin receptor
Somatostatin receptor
```
226
Two most common causes underlying hospital administration for a bleeding peptic ulcer
H. pylori, NSAIDs
227
PMNs don't respond to IFN-y and chemotactic stimuli
Job Syndrome- Hyper IgE
228
Small intestine mucosa laden with distended macrophages in the lamina propria (filled with PAS + granules and rod shaped bacilli seen on EM)
T. whippeli; Whipple disease
229
Total or subtotal atrophy of small bowel villi, plasma cell and lymphocyte infiltration into the lamina propria and epithelium, hyperplasia/elongation of crypts
Celiac sprue
230
Classic symptoms of Carcinoid Syndrome
Bronchospasm, Diarrhea, Flushing, R. Sided heart disease
231
Common causes of Small Bowel Obstruction
- adhesions (75%)
- hernia
- cancer (metastatic colorectal carcinoma)
232
Signs of Portal HTN
Ascites, esophageal varies, portosystemic shunts, hepatosplenomegaly, Hematemesis, Caput medusae, melena
233
Risk factors for development of Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Budd-Chiari Syndrome
- Hemochromatosis
- a1-Antitrypsin deficiency
- Wilson's disease
- Hepatitis B & C
- Alcoholic Cirrhosis
- Aflatoxin, Aspergillus
- Hepatic adenoma
234
Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis
IFN-a
235
Antibodies present in Autoimmune Hepatitis
ANA(+)
Anti-microsomal (+)
Anti-smooth muscle (+)
Anti-mitochondrial (-)
236
Treatment of severe Cirrhosis
- Lactulose: treat encephalopathy
- Vitamin K: maximize clotting potential
- Diuretics: decrease ascites and edema
- B-blocker: prevent bleeding from esophageal varices
237
Increased bilirubin production occurs in which disorders
Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemias:
- Hemolytic Anemia
- Sickle Cell disease
- Hematoma breakdown
238
Impaired bilirubin uptake and storage occurs in which disorders
Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemias:
- Post viral Hepatitis
- Tx with Rifampin
239
Decreased UDP-GT activity occurs in which disorders
Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemias:
- Gilbert Syndrome
- Crigler-Najjar Type I & II
- Neonatal physiologic jaundice
240
Impaired transport of bilirubin occurs in which disorders
Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemias:
- Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
- Rotor Syndrome
241
Biliary epithelial damage occurs in which disorders
Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemias:
- Hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Liver failure
242
Intrahepatic biliary obstruction occurs in which disorders
Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemias:
- Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
- Sclerosing Cholangitis
- Arsenic
- Tx with Chlorpromazine
243
Extrahepatic biliary obstruction occurs in which disorders
Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemias:
- Pancreatic neoplasm
- Pancreatitis
- Cholangiocarcinoma
- Choledocholithiasis
244
GI Problems associated with a Down Syndrome
- Duodenal Atresia
- Hirschsprung disease
- Annular pancreas
- Celiac disease
245
Chorioretinitis, Hydrocephalus, Intracranial Calcifications
Congenital toxoplasmosis
246
Most common site of colonic diverticula
Sigmoid colon
247
"String sign" on contrast X-Ray
Crohn's disease
248
"Lead pipe" appearance of colon on contrast X-Ray
Ulcerative Colitis
249
Causes of Eosinophilia
Drugs, Neoplasia, Atopic (asthma, allergy, eczema), Addison's disease, Acute Interstitial Nephritis, Collagen vascular disease (SLE, Churgg-Strauss), parasites (Ascaris --> Loeffler eosinophilia pneumonitis)
250
Most common infections seen in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Catalase + organisms:
- Pseudomonas
- S.aureus
- Klebsiella
- E.coli
- Aspergillus
- Candida
251
Eczema, recurrent URI, high serum IgE
Hyper IgE syndrome (Job syndrome)
252
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
253
Nephrotoxic/Ototoxic drugs
-Vancomycin, Aminoglycosides, Loop Diuretics, Cisplatin
254
Hemorrhagic cystitis
Cyclophosphamide
| -d/t metabolite: Acrolein
255
+ Hams test
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
256
X-linked immunodeficiencies
- Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
- Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia
- Chonic Granulomatous dz
- Hyper IgM syndrome
257
Most common infections seen in Chronic Granulomatous disease
Catalase + organisms:
| -Pseudomonas, S. aureus, Klebseilla, E. coli, Aspergillus, Candida
258
Eczema, recurrent URI, high serum IgE
Hyper IgE syndrome/ Job syndrome
259
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
260
Boy with self-mutilating behavior, mental retardation, gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
| -HGPRT Deficiency
261
Elevated Uric acid levels
- Gout
- Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
- Tumor lysis syndrome
- Use of loop or thiazide diuretics
262
Bluish colored lines on gingivae
Lead poisoning- Burton's lines
263
Treatment of choice for Rickets or Osteomalacia
Vitamin D
264
Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, spots on the skin
Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency)
265
Most common vitamin deficiency in the US
Folate
266
Hyper segmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia
267
Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, poly neuropathy
B1 (thiamine) deficiency - Beri-Beri
268
Patient presents with convulsions and irritability. What vitamin deficiency is causing these symptoms
B6
269
Dark purple modules on the skin in an HIV PT
Kaposi sarcoma
270
Large cells with owls eye inclusions
CMV
271
Treatment for CMV
Ganciclovir
272
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
273
Drug used to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia
TMP/SMX
274
Food poisoning due to exotoxin
S. aureus, B. cereus
275
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
276
Ring enhancing brain lesion in an HIV PT
Toxoplasma gondii
277
Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole
278
Most common protozoal diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
279
Most common helminthic infection in the US
Enterobius vermicularis
280
Second most common helminthic infection in the US
Ascaris lumbricoides
281
Most common bacteria implicated in exotoxin-mediated food poisoning
S. aureus, B. cereus
282
Branching gram positive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces
283
Inactivated EF2 via ADP ribosylation
C. diptheriae
284
a & y toxins
C. Perfringens
285
Lethal factor and edema factor
B. Anthracis
286
Most common urea cycle disorder
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
287
Calcified granuloma in the lungs, hilar lymphadenopathy
Ghon complex
288
Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss
Pott's disease- M. Tuberculosis in vertebrae
289
Standard treatment for TB
Rifampin + INH + Pyrazinamide + Ethambutol + B6 (INH will cause B6 deficiency so must supplement)
290
Lactic acidosis is a rare but worrisome side effect of what medication
Metformin
291
Most common side effect of sulfonylureas is
Hypoglycemia
292
Closes K+ channel on B-cells which leads to depolarization, Ca++ influx and then insulin release
Sulfonylureas
293
Inhibits a-glucosidase at intestinal brush border
a-glucosidase inhibitor
| -Acarbose
294
Standard treatment for T. Pallium
Pencillin G
295
Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite
Past rubella multicoda
296
A non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Painless chancre- Primary syphilis
297
Moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
Condyloma lata- Secondary syphilis
298
Large bulls-eye rash
Erythema chronicum migrans
| -early Lyme dz
299
Gummas, aortitis, tabes dorsalis, Argyll-Robertson pupil, Charcot joints
Tertiary syphilis
300
Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anti-coagulantion
Heparin or LMWH (Enoxaprin, Dalteparin)
301
Preferred anticoagulant for long term anticoagulation
Warfarin
302
Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
Heparin
303
Causes hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Fe deficiency, Thalassemia, Pb poisoning
304
Hyper segmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia: B12 or a Folate deficiency
305
Skull x-Ray shows "hair on end" appearance
Marrow hyperplasia
- B thalassemia
- Sickle cell disease
306
Basophils stippling of RBCs
Pb poisoning
307
Painful cyanosis of the fingers and toes with painful hemolytic anemia
Cold agglutinins
| -IgM
308
Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
309
Basophils nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies
| -Asplenic PTs
310
Autosplenectomy
Sickle-cell disease
311
Drug used to treat Sickle cell disease
Hydroxyurea
312
Antiplatelet antibodies
ITP
313
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier disease
314
Most common lymphoma in the US
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
315
Reed-Sternberg cells
Hodgkin lymphoma
316
Particularly associated with EBV
Burkett lymphoma
| Hodgkin lymphoma
317
Associated with long term Celiac disease
Intestinal T-cell lymphoma
318
Lymphoma equivalent of CLL
SLL
319
"Starry sky" pattern d/t phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells
Burkitt lymphoma
320
Associated with Sjogren syndrome, Hashimoto thyroiditis, H. Pylori
Marginal cell MALToma
321
Cancer most commonly associated with a non infectious fever
Hodgkin lymphoma
322
"Smudge cells"
CLL
323
"Punched out" lytic bone lesions
Multiple Myeloma
324
Sheets of lymphoid cells, with a "starry sky" appearance
Burkitt lymphoma
325
RBCs clumped together like a stack of coins
Multiple Myeloma
| -Rouleaux formation
326
Monoclonal antibody spike
Multiple Myeloma
- MGUS
- Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
327
Reddish-pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
Auer-rods
| -AML
328
Large B-cells with bilobed nuceli and prominent "owls eye inclusions"
Reed-Sternberg cells
| -Hodgkin lymphoma
329
Chronic sinusitis, infertility, situs inversus
Kartagener's syndrome
| -dyenin arm defect leads to immotile cilia
330
Elevated D-dimers
Pulmonary embolism, DVT
331
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
Virchow's triad
332
Blue bloater
Chronic bronchitis
- hypoxemia
- hypercapnia
333
Pink puffer
Emphysema
| -dyspnea, hyperventilation
334
Curshmann's spirals
Asthma
| -shed epithelial cells
335
Most common cause of pulmonary hypertension
COPD
336
What are the two HIV envelope proteins? What drugs interfere with them?
- gp41- Enfuvirtide
| - gp120- Maraviroc
337
Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
Sarcoidosis
338
Vasculitic, glomerulonephritis
Goodpasture's or Wegener's
339
Honeycomb lung on x-Ray
Interstitial fibrosis
340
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture's
341
"Tennis racket" shaped cytoplasmic granules
Birbeck granules
| -Eosinophilic granuloma
342
Most common cause of nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. Coli, Pseudomonas
343
Lung cancer associated with SIADH
Small cell lung cancer
344
Iron containing nodules in the alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies
| -Asbestos
345
Continuous machine like heart murmur
PDA
346
"Boot shaped heart"
Tertralogy of Fallot or RVH in an adult
347
Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
348
Most common congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
349
Cor pulmonale
RHF d/t pulmonary disease
350
Nutmeg liver
Passive congestion of liver d/t RHF or Budd-Chiari syndrome
351
Pitting edema
- excess amount of fluid in absence of additional colloid
| - often seen in legs
352
Non-pitting edema
-colloid in interstitial fluid balances the excess fluid
353
Low output failure
Hypovolemia, Heart failure
354
High output failure
Sepsis/Anaphylaxis, Neurogenic
355
Incr SVR, Decr CO
Hypovolemic shock
356
Incr. CO, compensatory decr. SVR
Sepsis/ Anaphylactic shock
357
Decr. CO, compensatory Incr. SVR
Heart failure
358
Decr. SVR and CO
Neurogenic shock
359
Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur
Aortic regurgitation
360
Most common congenital heart murmur
MV prolapse
361
Irregularly irregular, no p-waves
Atrial fibrillation
362
Sawtooth pattern on EKG
Atrial flutter
363
PR > 200ms
1st degree heart block
364
Incr. PR until dropped beat
Mobitz I
365
No warning before dropped beat
Mobitz II
366
Atria and ventricles contract independently of each other
3rd degree heart block
367
Delta waves on EKG
Wolff-Parkinson White
368
Wide QRS after long pause
Ventricular escape beat
369
Wide QRS and tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia
370
Torsades de pointe
Undulating amplitude of QRS
371
Erratic rhythm on EKG
Ventricular fibrillation
372
Splinter hemorrhages
Bacterial endocarditis
373
Retinal hemorrhages
Roth spots
| -Bacterial endocarditis
374
Heart valve most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral valve
375
Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug used with bacterial endocarditis
Tricuspid valve
376
Granulomatous nodules in the heart
Aschoff bodies
377
Most common cardiac tumor in adults
Metastasis
| Left atrial myxoma
378
Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
Rhabdomyoma
379
Most common cause of constrictive pericarditis
Lupus in US
| Tuberculosis in developing countries
380
Cold, pale, painful digits
Raynaud phenomenon
381
c-ANCA
Wegener's Granulomatosis
382
p-ANCA
Microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome
383
Treatment for Berger disease
Smoking cessation
384
Treatment for temporal arteritis
High dose steroids
385
Bone enlargement, bone pain, arthritis
Paget disease of the bone
386
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis
387
Positive anterior drawer sign
ACL injury
388
Swollen, red, acutely painful great toe joint
Gout
389
Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Osteoarthritis
390
Swollen, boggy, painful finger joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
391
Arthritis, dry mouth, dry eyes
Sjogren syndrome
392
Positively birefringent rhomboid shaped crystals
Pseudogout
393
Negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals
Gout
394
Cartilage erosion with polished bone beneath
Enburnation
| -suggestive of osteoarthritis
395
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
396
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
397
Bamboo spine on X-ray
Ankylosing Spondylitis
398
HLA-B27
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
399
Anti-smith and Anti-dsDNA antibodies
SLE
400
Anti-histone antibodies
Drug induced lupus
401
Anti-centromere antibodies
CREST scleroderma
402
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
403
Facial rash and Raynaud phenomenon in a young woman
SLE
404
Most common cause of death in SLE
Lupus Nephritis
405
Most common cardiac manifestation of SLE
Libman-Sacks Endocarditis
406
Most common opportunistic infection in HIV PTs
Pneumocystis jirovecii
407
Prophylaxis for Cryptococcus in AIDS PTs
Fluconazole
408
Prophylaxis for PCP in AIDS PTs
TMP-SMX
409
Treatment for Sporothrix schenckii
Oral K+ iodide or Itraconazole
410
Treatment for oral candidiasis
Nystatin or Fluconazole
411
Treatment for Systemic Candidiasis
Amphotericin B
412
Most common medication used for UTI prophylaxis
TMP-SMX
413
Most common bacteria in a PT with struvite kidney stones
Proteus mirabilis, S.aureus
414
Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV PT
Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8)
415
Owl's eye inclusions in monocytes
CMV infection
416
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplets
Type A cowdry bodies
| -HSV, VZV, CMV
417
Aplastic anemia in a PT with sickle cell dz
Parvovirus B19
418
Child with fever and "slapped cheek" rash on the face that spreads to his body
Fifth's disease (Parvovirus B19)
419
Fever, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis
Measles virus (Rubeola)
420
Small, irregular blue-gray spots on buccal mucosa surrounded by a base of red
Koplik spots- Measles
421
Most common etiology of nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella > E. coli, Pseudomonas
422
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in neonates
Group B Strep > E. coli
423
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in children
S. pneumo, N. meningitidis
424
Most common etiology of bacterial meningitis in adults
S. pneumo
425
Osteomyelitis in an IV drug abuser
S. aureus, Pseudomonas
426
Osteomyelitis in a sickle cell PT
Salmonella
427
Most common reportable STD
Chlamydia
428
Non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Primary syphilis chancre
429
Painful, indurated, ulcerated genital lesion with exudate
Chancroid- H. ducreyi
430
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells on wet mount prep of vaginal discharge
Clue cells- Gardernella
431
Common tx for Syphilis
Penicillin G
432
Common tx for Trichomonas
Metronidazole
433
Common treatment for Chlamydia
Doxycycline/ Azithromycin
434
Common treatment for gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
435
Most common inherited bleeding disorder
von Willebrand's disease
| -incr. PTT and bleeding time
436
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
437
Most common malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma
438
Most common medication for ADHD
Methylphenidate
439
Most common medication for Bulimia nervosa
Fluoxetine
440
Medical treatment for alcohol withdrawal
Benzodiazepines
441
Most effective treatment for alcohol abuse
Alcoholics anonymous
442
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke encephalopathy
443
Treatment for central DI
Desmopressin
444
Treatment for Nephrogenic DI
HCTZ, Indomethacin, Amiloride
445
Treatment for lithium-induced Nephrogenic DI
Amiloride
446
Modular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelsteil-Wilson lesions
447
Glomerulonephritis + Pulmonary Vasculitis
Wegener's Granulomatosis, Goodpasture's syndrome
448
Red cell casts
Glomerulonephritis
449
Waxy casts
Chronic renal failure
450
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic pyelonephritis
451
Most common renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma
452
Most common type of renal stone
Calcium stones
453
Type of renal stone associated with Proteus vulgaris
Struvite stone
454
Most common cancer in men
Prostate adenocarcinoma
455
Most common cause of urinary obstruction in men
BPH
456
Most common treatment for erectile dysfunction
Sildenafil
457
Dysplastic cervical cells with enlarged, dark nuclei
Koilocytes
458
DES exposure
Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
459
Most common tumor in women
Leiomyoma
460
Most common gynecological malignancy in the US
Endometrial carcinoma
461
Most common gynecological malignancy worldwide
Cervical cancer
462
Chocolate cyst of the ovary
Endometriosis
463
Most common benign ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenoma
464
Most common malignant ovarian tumor
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
465
Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies
| -Granulosa-theca cell tumors
466
Incr. AFP on amniocentesis
- Neural tube defect
- Anencephaly
- Incorrect dating of pregnancy
467
Most common genetic cause of mental retardation
Down syndrome
468
Second most common genetic cause of mental retardation
Fragile X
469
Horseshoe kidney, congenital heart defects, streak ovaries, cystic hygroma
Turner syndrome
470
Rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, microcephaly with prominent occiput and small jaw
Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18)
471
Most common cancer in women in the US
Breast cancer
472
Most common benign breast tumor
Fibroadenoma
473
Most common malignant breast tumor
Infiltrating ducal adenocarcinoma
474
Blue dome cyst in the breast
Fibrocystic change
475
Treatment for ER+ breast cancer
SERM: Tamoxifen
476
Red, itchy, swollen rash on areola and nipple
Paget dz of Breast
477
Breast pathology with histological "leaf-like projections"
Phyllodes tumor
478
Treatment of Vertigo
Meclizine
| -antihistamine H1
479
What drug inhibits 17,20 desmolase
Ketoconazole
- used to decr steroid synthesis in tx of PCOS to prevent hirsutism
- s.e. Gynecomastia, Amenorrhea
480
Non-steroidal competitive inhibitor of androgens at testosterone receptor
Flutamide
| -used to tx Prostate cancer
481
MOA Spironolactone
Inhibits steroid binding, 17a hydroxylase and 17,20 desmolase
- used to decr steroid synthesis in tx of PCOS to prevent hirsutism
- s.e. Gynecomastia, Amenorrhea
482
What drug decreases contraction frequency in women during labor
Terbutaline
-b2 agonist: relaxes uterus
Mg and CCBs decrease muscular contractions
NSAIDs decr. PG synthesis and decr. inflammation
483
Hypertensive crisis
Occurs when PTs on MAOIs ingest food with tyramine
484
MAOIs are contraindicated with
SSRI, TCA, Meperidine, Dexteomethorphan, St. John's wort
485
Doxepin and Amoxapine are in what drug class
TCAs
486
Which TCA has a high seizure incidence
Desipramine
487
Treatment for Serotonin Syndrome
Cyproheptadine- 5-HT2 receptor antagonist
| Cooling, Benzos
