diuretics

Question 1

what is the main unit of the kidney?

Answer 1

nephron

Question 2

what is the function of glomerulus?

Answer 2

the place where the blood is filtrated

Question 3

this segment carries out isosmotic
reabsorption of amino acids, glucose,
and numerous ions.

It is the major site for sodium chloride
and sodium bicarbonate reabsorption.

to which segment of the renal transport is this?

Answer 3

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 4

The proximal tubule is responsible for
100% of the total reabsorption of
sodium.
true or false?

Answer 4

false, 60-70%

Question 5

there is No currently available drug directly acts
on NaCl reabsorption in the PCT
true or false?

Answer 5

true

Question 6

bicarbonate is it basic or acidic component?

Answer 6

basic

Question 7

what is the renal effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

Answer 7

bicarbonate diuresis

Question 8

when the bicarbonate is depleted by CA inhibitors
what will happen?

Answer 8

metabolic acidosis

Question 9

give examples of CA therapeutic usage

Answer 9

Acetazolamide, for urinary alkalinization, High altitude sickness, and Epilepsy

Dorzolamide, for glaucoma

Question 10

what are the adverse effects of CA inhibitors?

Answer 10

Metabolic acidosis
Renal stones
Hypersensitivity reactions

Question 11

Hyperammonemia
Intoxication with basic drugs
Severe COPD (respiratory acidosis)
are?

Answer 11

contraindication of CA inhibitors

Question 12

Thick ascending loop of Henle has the?

Answer 12

– Na+, K+, and Cl-reabsorption

Question 13

what is the main mechanism of the hick ascending loop of Henle ?

Answer 13

reabsorption of Ca2+ & Mg2+

Question 14

what are the Loop diuretics?

Answer 14

Bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, furosemide,
torsemide

Question 15

inhibition of NaCl reabsorption in the
Henle loop decreases the?

Answer 15

strength of the countercurrent concentrating
mechanism & causes greatly increased
urine output

Question 16

The drugs increase Cl− more than Na+
excretion will lead to?

Answer 16

hyperchloremic alkalosis

Question 17

to which cases we use the loop diuretics ?

Answer 17

Congestive heart failure, ascites, acute pulmonary edema
Severe hypercalcemia:

Question 18

what are the adverse effects of Loop diuretics?

Answer 18

Hypovolemia: cardiovascular complications
* Hypokalemia: by mechanism (potassium wasting)
* Hyperuricemia: Volume depletion & diminished ability to concentrate urine
Ototoxicity

Question 19

which segment actively pumps sodium
and chloride out of the lumen of the
nephron via the Na+/Cl– carrier?

Answer 19

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 20

The distal convoluted tubule is
responsible for 5–8% of filtered sodium
reabsorption.
true or false?

Answer 20

true

Question 21

Removal of the reabsorbed calcium back
into the blood requires ?

Answer 21

sodium-calcium exchange

Question 22

Target of the thiazide diuretics is?

Answer 22

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 23

Thiazide diuretics will cause?

Answer 23

Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis may occur
Reabsorption of Ca from the urine is ↑
urine Ca content is ↓

Question 24

Because thiazide diuretics act in a diluting segment of the nephron, thiazides may reduce the excretion of water and cause?

Answer 24

dilutional hyponatremia

Question 25

when we can use the thiazide diuretics?

Answer 25

Hypertension Edema associated with heart failure. Hypercalciuria in patients who have recurrent urinary calculi composed of calcium salts. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Question 26

* Hypokalemia and hyperuricemia * Hypercalcemia & hypomagnesemia * Hyperglycemia: due to impaired pancreatic release of insulin. * Hyperlipidemia photosensitivity and dermatitis fatigability and sexual impotence are the adverse effects of?

Answer 26

Thiazide diuretics

Question 27

which diuretics has the opposite effect of loop diuretic?

Answer 27

Thiazide diuretics

Question 28

: the primary route of excretion of K+ is?

Answer 28

Kidneys

Question 29

the main site of action for Potassium-sparing diuretics is?

Answer 29

cortical collecting duct, The aldosterone receptor and the sodium channels

Question 30

Increase sodium loss by reducing the potassium excretion it can spare Potassium. true or false?

Answer 30

true

Question 31

what is the net result of potassium sparing diuretics?

Answer 31

Increase sodium loss by reducing the potassium excretion so you can spare.Potassium

Question 32

Spironolactone and eplerenone have fast onsets and offsets of action (24–72 h) true or false?

Answer 32

false, slow onset

Question 33

Amiloride and triamterene have durations of action of 12–24 h and, triamterene is extensively metabolized, it has a shorter half-life (4 hrs) and must be given more frequently than amiloride (half-life 21 hrs true or false?

Answer 33

true

Question 34

Hyperkalemia Gynecomastia and antiandrogenic effects Kidney stones these are the adverse effects of?

Answer 34

K+-Sparing Diuretics

Question 35

when we use the osmotic diuretics?

Answer 35

Increase the osmotic pressure of plasma & extract water from the eye and brain control intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury prophylaxis of acute kidney injury

Question 36

Osmotic diuretics increase the osmolality of the ECF compartment & shift water back into the extracellular compartment true or false?

Answer 36

true

Question 37

what are the adverse effects of osmotic diuretics?

Answer 37

Extracellular volume expansion Dehydration, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia Hyponatremia

Question 38

Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 is important in the?

Answer 38

renal reabsorption of glucose