Diverse Places Flashcards
(24 cards)
How has the rate of population growth differed in the UK over the past 50 years.
Some regions grown rapidly areas of high economic growth.
- London and SE eg. Tower Hamlets
Slowest population growth in the NE.
Top 10 areas in the UK with the slowest population growth or all in the NE and NW.
With some areas projected to decline due to deindustrialisation eg. Barrow in Furness
Reasons for regional differences in population growth rate?
Economic
- Areas with high economic development eg. London experience an influx of highly qualified workers.
In contrast the decline of traditional industries in the North lead to people moving elsewhere to start new jobs.
Demographic
- Areas with high economic growth experience much internal and international migration (often young people)
As a result, natural increase increase is greater.
Social factors
eg. better healthcare = longer life expectancies and falling death rates.
Often better healthcare in areas of higher economic development.
When has there been periods of population increase and decrease in the UK?
Reasons
Post WW2 baby boomers combined with encouraging immigration from commonwealth in order to boost work force lead to population growth.
Up to 1960 where growth rate decreased due to:
- Contraception
- Industrial decline lead to some emmigration
1990s population increased due to conflict abroad eg. Balkans and Yemen - refugees
Expansion of the EU and the Shengen agreement - 1995
Increasing life expectancy due to better health care.
Why are birth rates lowest at the moment?
Widespread contraceptive use and sexual education in schools.
Increased cost of living means its a financial deterrence.
Education of women leading to career aspirations and delay having kids = less kids.
Why are death rates low?
Better healthcare (cancer treatments) and widespread immunisation.
Better public health - less smoking and drinking, more exercise.
How does Cloke’s index of rurality categorise England and Wales?
Extreme Rural
Intermediate Rural
Intermediate Non Rural
Extreme Non Rural
Population structure in an Extreme Non Rural area?
Inner City - Newham (Inner London Borough)
Large working age population (21 - 40) due to:
- Accessibility for jobs and leisure - 10 mins from London’s financial centre and 15 mins from West ends theatres and clubs.
- Affordable housing vs Kingston upon Thames
- Decline of traditional industries surrounding London’s ports it has been renovated for more housing.
Fastest growing population in the UK by 25
Much internal migration for uni:
- Many graduates stay within 20km of their uni due to job opportunities and social networks established.
Mix of UK and Non UK born populations
Population structure in an Intermediate non rural area?
Kingston Upon Thames - wealth suburb
Large number of HIC families - counterurbanise to raise family due to:
- Higher EQ
- Lower crime rates
- Better education
Still has good connections via train - 30 mins on train to CBD.
Dominated by a UK born population.
Less migration due to:
- Higher housing pricing and less available
- Less services
- Less job opportunities
Population structure of an intermediate rural area?
North Yorkshire
Older populations (average age 68) means less natural increase.
Planners struggle to build new houses and generate employment - unattractive for people starting families.
Some areas eg. Hgate experience population growth as high income families counterurbanise.
Low levels of immigration due to high cost of living and inaccessibility.
Aeging population as mortality rates fall
Population structure of extreme rural location?
Highland, Scotland
UK’s largest county - one small city Inverness.
Majority sparsely populated with agriculture dominating economy.
Low levels of immigration due to inaccessibility due to extreme topography and weather.
Some people moving due to renewable energy potential.
What is social clustering?
How did it originate?
Benefits?
The preference of living close to the people you wish to be with.
Pioneer migrants who were the first to settle in the UK often set up enclaves and services of their preference.
Living together often protection against racism.
Now economic benefits such as Manchester’s Curry Mile.
What mainly determined settlement patterns of immigration in the UK?
Accessibility - big cities
Major textile industries - Leeds and Bradford
Engineering industries - Birmingham
Remote areas offered few job opportunities so experienced little immigration and car ownership was limited.
Today’s migrants like to settle in established ethnic enclaves (social clustering) so the areas that lacked initial immigrants remain UK born today.
How did government policies influence immigration into the UK?
Post WW2 there were major labour shortages in the textile industries, public transport and the newly formed NHS. - Promoted commonwealth immigration. Empire Windrush - Mainly settled in London - Brixton and Tottenham. - Today have large afrocarribean communities.
1995 Schengen agreement and expanding EU:
Many EU immigrants - polish and romanian.
Skilled and unskilled immigration.
Harehills Key Characteristics?
Average age
% White and % Pakistani
% pop growth in last 10 years
Average annual income
Health issues
Life expectancy in contrast with EK?
Average age 26
43% white
20% Pakistani
14.4% population growth in last 10 years
£23 000 annual income
High levels of CHD, Obesity and diabetes - poor diets (influenced by income and education)
Babies in Harehills life expectancy is 10 years shorter than in East Keswick.
Regional influences in Harehills?
During the industrial period Harehills was home to the largest textiles factory in the world - Montague Burton:
Produced 30K suits a week and employed 10K in Harehills.
To house these workers back to back terraces were built - These remain cheap housing options today 30% of which are council funded however, this can lead to higher levels of deprivation.
Connected to CBD - Bus every 5 mins
Due to its cheap housing options and accessibility Harehills experiences much immigration.
National and influences in Harehills?
Deindustrialisation due to the global shift lead to many job losses - Montague Burton closed in 1970.
10% unemployed compared to Leeds average 4%
Government membership of the Schengen agreement has lead to much EU immigration (Romanian is largest EU enclave).
14% of Nurses working in Yorkshire’s Hospitals were born outside the UK.
Government promoted immigration post WW2 to address labour shortages - 1948 British Nationality Act - much immigration from commonwealth colonies.
Much immigration has lead to:
- Influence of local services - 30+ fried chicken shops and Indian shops such as Anand Sweet Shop
- Harehills primary school where 140 different languages are spoken
- GP offers translation services.
Key Characteristics of East Keswick?
Average age
% White and % Pakistani
% pop growth in last 10 years
Average annual income
Health issues
Life expectancy in contrast with Harehills?
Many family structure
Average age of 64
97% White
0.1% population increase
Average income of £61000
High cancer levels
Babies born in EK have a 10 year longer life expectancy than those born in HH.
Mainly families who have counterurbanised and empty nesters.
Regional influences on East Keswick?
10 miles from Leeds’ CBD and no village school = much commuting - CO2 emissions
Butchers, 2 pubs and a hairdressers - shift in service type to cater for affluent demographic.
National influences on EK?
Deindustrialisation has lead to the birth of a post industrial economy (tertiary and quaternary sectors) which has created affluent commuter settlements.
High numbers of homeworkers due to development of technology.
Affluent region with a high EQ - babies born in EK have 10 years higher life expectancy than HH.
International influences on EK?
Little to none international immigration - £600K average house price, 10 miles from CBD and limited job opportunities. - People who are BEM may suffer from social isolation.
Reasons that urban places me be perceived positively?
Socio economic status
High access to employment and public transport. - Positive perception for people of a low socioeconomic status as 56% of people in Harehills have no car.
Affordable housing - 30% of housing in Harehills is council funded.
Age
Younger people enjoy services orientated around nightlife.
University options.
Ethnicity
Urban places often contain ethnic enclaves - protection for BEM against racism and social isolation.
Reasons that urban places may be perceived negatively?
Media - Portray quantitative data - Harehills has highest crime rates in Leeds.
Majority of news reports in Harehills are negative and crime related.
Novels often read by the affluent portray urban places as negative. eg. Charles Dickens. vs Hardy’s ‘Wessex’
Lower EQ
2018 there were 2500 premature adult deaths due to air pollution.
Right Wing Ideologies
Against high immigration rates.
High crime rates
What is the idea of the rural idyll?
The idea that rural places are the perfect place to be due to their tranquility, natural landscapes and cultural associations eg. Hardy’s ‘Wessex’.
Why may the ‘rural idyll’ not be the same for everyone?
High cost of living
- EK £600K average house price - immigrants and low income families cannot afford.
Different services
EK butchers, hairdressers and 2 pubs, catered for affluence.
Less wealthy and younger people may prefer urban due to cheaper supermarkets and more vibrant night life.
Infrequent and unreliable public transport
- Elderly and less affluent who don’t have cars or can’t drive are left isolated. Social issues such as social isolation leading to loneliness.
- People/ elderly with health issues cannot readily access healthcare.
