Globalisation Enquiry Question 3 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Different ways of measuring development?
Economic measures
- Gross domestic product
- Economic sector balance - percentage contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors to GNI
Social Indicators
- HDI - Life expectancy, Education, GDP per capita
- Gender Equality Index - Reproductive health, empowerment and education/employment
Environmental Quality
- Air quality - PPM
What resistance has there been to a global culture?
In the early 2000s the Iranian government banned Barbie dolls as it portrayed an ‘un-Islamic image’
La Loi Toubon was introduced in France in 1994 to promote French music which was dying due to the mass increase of English music. However, streaming of music has struggled to prevent this.
Great Firewall of China - prevents information unfavourable of the government or foreign media outlets.
BBC and Facebook are banned.
Is the development gap widening?
Average income has rose globally since the 1950s however the poorest parts of the world eg. SSA has seen very little growth leading to the gap between the richest and poorest getting larger.
What is the Gini coefficient?
Measure the inequality of wealth shared across a population.
Score of 0 - 100
0 = perfect equality
100 = 1 person has all the income.
China’s inequality?
2010 Gini Index gave a score of 47 and inequality is rising.
Almost all China’s major cities are located on the coast where the majority of all economic growth occurs.
Development is much slower in rural areas.
Is London diverse?
Why?
Yes - in 2011 65% of babies born in London had parents born outside the UK. In contrast the global average is 25%.
Diversity stems from multiple processes relating to globalisation:
- Open Borders until 2020 (brexit) - EU citizens could freely move into the UK
- FDI - 2015 London attracted over 32000 jobs from foreign companies.
Processes like these have established diasporas throughout the city.
Examples of conflict around immigration?
Rise of extremist parties.
eg. France’s national front
Tension in Balkan countries and Greece around Syrian refugees as they are the entry point to much of Europe.
Why is there confrontation surrounding the Mekong River?
Mekong River runs through China, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and Thailand.
Since 1990s various dams have been constructed as countries attempt to harness these resources to further economic development.
In 1995 a treaty was created which required agreement before dams could be built.
Laos are testing this agreement and building a dam which they will benefit from in terms of water and employment and Thailand will gain the electricity so they have financed it.
Vietnam will suffer as the Mekong Delta will be starved of more water which will reduce fertility for agriculture of rice.
Cambodia lies within the basin and it relies on the Mekong flooding for crops.
However, it has depleted nearly all its forests for firewood so HEP would benefit them.
3 ways to limit globalisation?
Censorship
Limiting immigration
Trade protectionism
How does censorship prevent globalisation?
Prevents the free flow of information which leads to people developing new ideas.
China:
- Government censors the use of internet content through ‘The Great Firewall of China’.
With the aim to prevent ideas about growing democracy and limiting state control.
How does limiting immigration prevent globalisation?
Limits the flows of people who then bring new ideas and set up diasporas
- 2016 Trump proposed US/Mexico wall
- Brexit - no longer free movement
How does trade protectionism prevent globalisation?
Tariffs can be implemented on imported goods to protect domestic producers. This limits foreign imports and/or promotes domestic exports.
However, this goes against WTO rules.
Who are Canada’s First Nations?
What effect have they had?
Consists of 643 recognised indigenous groups.
They are against resource exploitation in Canada’s indigenous lands.
In 2013 6 out of 21 proposed resource projects were closed due to protests by First Nations:
- Fracking
- Shale mining
- Various pipelines.
What is localism?
The practice of consuming and using less globally sourced goods and instead purchasing locally sourced, sustainable products in order to reduce the ecological footprint and bypass TNCs large global production networks which produce many emissions.
Define Ecological Footprint
A measure of the land area and water resources that a population needs in order to produce what it consumes.
Advantages of localism?
Local suppliers can generate more revenue and they provide job opportunities for locals.
Lower carbon emissions as commodities transported over shorter distances
Quicker and cheaper deliveries.
Disadvantages of localism?
Foreign suppliers in developing countries may miss out
Overall cost higher as production network is more expensive.
Low income families may not be able to afford local produce.
Examples of sustainable living?
Transition towns
Fairtrade
Recycling waste
Ethical shopping
What a transition towns?
Places which attempt to reduce their ecological footprint by:
- reducing consumption through repairing instead of replacing
- reducing waste, pollution and environmental damage
- Meeting local needs through local production.
Eg. Totnes, Devon and Bristol.
Bristol implemented the ‘Bristol Pound’ - encourages people to spend locally with this local currency - multiplier effect as every £10 spent in businesses is worth £23 to the local economy.
What is Faitrade?
A movement that aims to return a bigger proportion of revenue to producers and growers.
Independent nonprofit organisation - keeps prices low.
- Hard to gain certificate for farmers.
- Hard to monitor all farmers due to size of project
- Increased consumer costs.
What is ethical shopping?
All supermarket chains now provide ethical shopping credentials so those who want to be more sustainable can selectively by things over different items - reduces ecological footprint.
- Buying organic increases deforestation as less fertilisers = more land required for production
- People often drive to local independent shops which produces carbon emissions rather than the shopping being sent to you by supermarkets.
What is ‘Keep Britain Tidy’?
An NGO campaigning to alter people’s behaviour around waste disposal in order to promote cleanliness.
Recycling goals in the EU compared to current?
EU aims to recycle 70% of all waste by 2030
UK currently at 44%.
Benefits of recycling?
Reduce landfill
Reduce carbon emissions
Creates job opportunities .
