Diverse Populations Flashcards
Question ID #10040: Sue and Sue (2003) describe “worldview” as consisting of two dimensions—locus of control and locus of responsibility. Within this framework, the culture of the White middle class in the United States is best described as reflecting an:
Select one:
A.
internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility.
B.
internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility.
C.
external locus of control and external locus of responsibility.
D.
external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility.
The correct answer is A.
Sue and Sue’s model distinguishes between four types of worldview that reflect a different combination of levels of locus of control and locus of responsibility. The dominant culture in the United States (i.e., the culture of the White middle class) exemplifies the IC-IR philosophy through its emphasis on individualism, independence, and self-reliance.
Answers B, C, and D: According to Sue and Sue, White middle-class U.S. culture generally reflects worldview based on an internal locus of control and responsibility.
Question ID #10802: ______________________ may occur when members of a cultural minority have negative interactions with members of the dominant culture.
Select one:
A.
Cultural encapsulation
B.
Cultural humility
C.
Acculturative stress
D.
Microaggressions
The correct answer is C.
According to Berry’s (2006) transactional theory, when members of cultural minority groups interact with members of the dominant culture (e.g., White American culture), psychological maladjustment may emerge in part as a function of how much acculturative stress the individual experiences when interacting with the dominant culture.
Answer A: Cultural encapsulation occurs when a therapist lacks cultural humility.
Answer B: Cultural humility is a lifelong process of self-reflection and self-critique whereby the individual not only learns about another’s culture, but starts with an examination of her/his own beliefs and cultural identities.
Answer D: Microaggressions are not the result of a negative interaction.
Question ID #11296: Past research suggests that a therapist who adopts the role of ___________ may have more success when working with some Asian identified clients.
Select one:
A.
knowledgeable expert
B.
egalitarian collaborator
C.
interested listener
D.
friendly coach
The correct answer is A.
Although it is necessary to avoid stereotypes when providing services to members of ethnic and racial minority groups, generalizations are often made in the literature and you will need to be familiar with these generalizations for the exam. Past research suggests that Asian and Asian-American clients, especially those who have a strong ethnic identity or who have not assimilated into the dominant (mainstream) culture, generally prefer structured goal-oriented approaches to therapy. Thus, the role of knowledgeable expert would best suit a client with this preference.
Answer B: According to past research, some Asian clients may expect the therapist to be an expert rather than a colleague.
Answer C: “Interested listener” suggests a passive approach, which is not usually the best one when working with Asian clients who expect the therapist to demonstrate expertise.
Answer D: Past research suggests that when working with some Asian clients, a more formal approach, especially during initial sessions, is usually most effective.
Question ID #12571: A straight White male therapy supervisor who consistently exhibits favoritism towards a White gay identified male supervisee over a White lesbian identified female supervisee who is equally competent may be demonstrating:
Select one:
A.
heterosexism.
B.
sexual prejudice.
C.
sexual stigma.
D.
sexism.
The correct answer is D.
This is a difficult question given that little context is provided. However, given the limited choice options it appears that the supervisor is engaging in discriminatory behavior based on sex. Sexism refers to gender-based discrimination, prejudice, or stereotyping.
Answer A: This is not the best answer given that both supervisees identify as gay and lesbian respectively.
Answer B: This is also not the best answer as sexual prejudice refers to negative attitudes that are based on sexual orientation.
Answer C: This is also not the best answer as sexual stigma is related to sexual orientation.
Question ID #12572:___________ refers to negative attitudes that are based on sexual orientation, whether the target identifies as homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual.
Select one:
A.
Sexual prejudice
B.
Sexism
C.
Heterosexism
D.
Sexual stigma
The correct answer is A.
For the exam you will need to be familiar with the definition of each of the terms listed in the four answer choices. As defined by Herek (2004), sexual prejudice refers to negative attitudes that are based on perceived sexual orientation, regardless of the target’s actual identified sexual orientation.
Answer B: Sexism refers to prejudice that is based on gender, not sexual orientation.
Answer C: Heterosexism refers to cultural ideologies, which are systems that provide the rationale and operating instructions that promote and perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals.
Answer D: Sexual stigma refers to the shared knowledge of society’s negative regard for any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community.
Question ID #12573: A Chinese-American client tells you that he doesn’t identify with either Chinese or White culture. In terms of Berry et al.’s (1987) model of acculturation, this client is best described as:
Select one:
A.
separated.
B.
marginalized.
C.
alienated.
D.
encapsulated.
The correct answer is B.
Berry and his colleagues describe acculturation status in terms of four categories: integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization. According to Berry, a person is marginalized when he/she does not accept the characteristics of either culture (his/her own culture or the dominant culture).
Answer A: A member of a racial/cultural minority group who adopts the values, attitudes, and customs of his/her own minority culture but withdraws from the dominant culture is labeled as separated.
Answer C: This term is not associated with Berry’s model.
Answer D: According to Wrenn (1985), culturally encapsulated clinicians interpret reality via their own biased cultural lens and disregard both their own bias and existing cultural differences.
Question ID #12576: According to Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model, an African American individual in the emersion substage of the immersion-emersion stage will exhibit which of the following?
Select one:
A.
Internal conflicts related to his/her attitudes toward Whites
B.
A lack of interest in race and racism
C.
Rejection of all aspects of White culture
D.
Adoption of a multicultural perspective
The correct answer is C.
The most recent version of Cross’s model (Cross and Vandiver, 2001) distinguishes between four stages of racial identity development: pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization. Race and racial identity have high salience during the immersion-emersion stage. A person in the immersion substage idealizes Blacks and Black culture and feels a great deal of rage toward Whites. A person in the emersion substage has less intense feelings but continues to reject all aspects of the White culture and begins to internalize a Black identity.
Answer A: This is most representative of an individual in the encounter stage of Cross’s model.
Answer B: This is most representative of an individual in the pre-encounter stage of Cross’s model.
Answer D: This is most representative of an individual in the internalization stage of Cross’s model.
Question ID #12577: Research has supported Helms’s (1995) prediction that White therapists whose attitudes and beliefs are consistent with the ________ status are most effective when working with clients from racial/ethnic minority groups.
Select one:
A.
reintegration
B.
autonomy
C.
integrative awareness
D.
identity commitment
The correct answer is B.
Helms’s White Racial Identity Development Model distinguishes between six identity statuses (stages): contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion-emersion, and autonomy. Knowing that autonomy is the last status in Helms’s model would have helped you identify the correct answer to this question. Research has confirmed that therapists of this status are most effective when working with clients from racial/ethnic minority groups.
Answers A, C, and D: A White therapist is likely to be most effective when working with a client from an ethnic/racial minority group when the therapist is in the final stage of White identity development - i.e., the autonomy stage. A person in this stage has internalized a positive (non-racist) White identity that includes appreciation of and respect for racial/cultural similarities and differences.
African Americans view the family as including both (1) _____ family members as well as individuals outside the biological family. Family roles are flexible and relationships between men and women tend to be (2) _____. Authorities recommend the use of an ecostructural approach when working with African American clients such as Boyd-Franklin’s (3) _____ model, which addresses multiple systems and empowers the family by utilizing its strengths.
(1) nuclear and extended
(2) egalitarian
(3) multisystems
American Indians generally exhibit a consensual (4) _____ form of social organization and view mental health problems as the result of (5) _____with nature. A collaborative, problem-solving, (6) _____ approach is often preferred; and some experts recommend the use of (7) _____ therapy, which incorporates family and community members into the treatment process.
(4) collateral
(5) disharmony
(6) client-centered
(7) network
For Asian American therapy clients, (8) _____, structured, problem-solving approach is preferred. Therapists should emphasize (9) _____ and establish their (10) _____ and competence early in therapy.
(8) directive
(9) formalism
(10) credibility
In terms of worldview, Hispanic and Latino individuals emphasize (11) _____ welfare over individual welfare and view interdependance as both healthy and necessary. When working with an Hispanic or Latino client, a therapist is usually best advised to be active and directive and to adopt a (12) _____ approach that focuses on the client’s behavior, affect, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, biological functioning, etc. In addition, therapists should emphasize (13) _____ (except in initial sessions when formalismo is more appropriate) and be aware that these clients may express their mental health problems as (14) _____.
(11) family
(12) multimodal
(13) personalismo
(14) somatic complaints
Among LGBT individuals, one response to prejudice and discrimination is (15) _____, which occurs when these individuals accept society’s negative evaluations of them and incorporate those evaluations into their self-concepts. An important issue for LGBT individuals is (16) _____ 9disclosing one’s sexual orientation) to family members, friends, and others, which can have both negative and positive consequences. Savin-Williams and Diamond (2000) compared the sexual identity trajectories of male and female sexual minority youth and found that adolescent (17) _____ had an earlier onset of all milestones except first disclosure of sexual orientation to another person, which occurred at a similar age for males and females.
(15) internalized homophobia
(16) coming out
(17) males
Sue and Sue (2003) propose that cultural competence involves three competencies: awareness, (1) _____, and skills.
(1) knowledge
The use of appropriate techniques for members of culturalle diverse groups may require icorporating indigenous healing practices such as (2) _____, which is a traditional Hawaiian spiritual healing ritual for restoring harmony among family members.
(2) ho’oponopono
