diversity Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
what are the characteristics of life?
A
- composed of cells (cell theory)
- reproduction 1. sexual 2. asexual
- respond to stimuli release energy from stored molecules
- growth -e.g through mitosis
- maintain homeostasis (constant internal environment)
2
Q
what are the levels of biological organzitoin?
A
EUKAYOTES “true nucleus” ———– PROKARYOES “before nucleus”
3
Q
under eukaryotes
A
plants, animals, fungi, protets
4
Q
under plant
A
sclerenchyma, collenchyma, parenchyma
5
Q
under animal
A
epithelial , nerve, muscle, red blood cell
6
Q
under prokaryoes
A
eubacteria, archaebacteria
7
Q
under archaebacteria
A
methanogens, extreme halophiles and thermoacidophiles
8
Q
details about the eukaryote 3
A
- organelles allow for more complexity
- larger cells prokarotes
- specialize and form tissue
9
Q
nucleus
A
STRUCTURE: composed of chromatin, nucleolus, nuclear envelope, surrounded by nuclear envelope
FUNCTION: controls all cell activities, stores DNA,
CELL: all types
10
Q
cell membrane
A
STRUCTURE: surrounds the cell, contains protein and carbohydrates, lad of double layer lipids
FUNCTION: separates the inside of the cell from the external environment, controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell
CELL: all types
11
Q
cell wall
A
STRUCTURE: rigid structure outside plant cell membrane
FUNCTION: provides protection and support, found outside of the cell membrane
CELL: only in plant cells
12
Q
flagella
A
STRUCTURE: whip-like structure
FUNCTION: enables movement
CELL: most animal cells, some plant cells
13
Q
cytoplasm
A
STRUCTURE: a jelly-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles
FUNCTION: contains nutrients to allow the cell to carry on the life processes
CELL: all types
14
Q
mitochondria
A
STRUCTURE: has inner and outer membrane, outer cover organelle and inner creates layered structure bc folded over many times, maze bean
FUNCTION: supplies energy, converts chemical energy in sugar to energy
CELL: all types
15
Q
ribosomes
A
STRUCTURE: small black dots
FUNCTION: help to produce proteins
CELL: all types
16
Q
rough endoplasmic reticulum
A
STRUCTURE: has ribosomes, series of interconnected small tubes that carry materials through the cell
FUNCTION: making proteins
CELL: all types
17
Q
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A
STRUCTURE: doesn’t have ribosomes
FUNCTION: makes and transports lipids, breaks down toxins
CELL: all types
18
Q
golgi apparatus
A
STRUCTURE: flatten stack of membranes
FUNCTION: modifies, stores, sorts and distributes molecules produced by the rough ER around the cell
CELL: all types
19
Q
lysosomes
A
STRUCTURE: A specialized vesicle containing digestive enzymes
FUNCTION: digestion takes place , break down invading bacteria, the clean up organelle
CELL: all types
20
Q
cytoskeleton
A
STRUCTURE: made of protein
FUNCTION: filaments and tubules that provide a framework for the cell, helping it maintain its structure and providing “tracks” along which vesicles and organelles can move
CELL: all cells
21
Q
vacuoles
A
STRUCTURE:
FUNCTION: holds water, material and waste, bigger than vesicles, stores molcues
CELL:
22
Q
vesicles
A
STRUCTURE: A vesicle consists of a fluid or solid enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane.
FUNCTION: move substances into or out of the cell
CELL: all
23
Q
chloroplast
A
STRUCTURE:
FUNCTION: photosynthesis- convert solar energy to chemical energy
CELL: only in plant
24
Q
chromoplast
A
STRUCTURE: - carry pigments only found in plants
FUNCTION: pigments inside
CELL: plant
25
amyloplasts
STRUCTURE: little starch storages with a protective layer
FUNCTION: **take in starch, turn it into sugars, and use them as energy when the plant needs them**
CELL: plant (potatoes)
26
centrioles
STRUCTURE: a small set of microtubules arranged at right angles.
FUNCTION: an organelle that helps create the **SPINDLE during cell division**
CELL: only in animal cells
27
species
a group of organisms that can **interbreed** in nature and produce **fertile offspring** E.g Homo sapiens (humans)
28
morphology
the branch of biology that deals with the **structure** or form of organisms -- body shape, size, and other structural features
29
PROS and CONS of morphology
PROS: relative simple makes it **most widely used** particularly for plants
CONS: having to decide **how much difference between individuals is too much variation**
30
phylogeny
the evolutionary **history** of a species
31
PROS and CONS of phylogeny
PROS: can be applied to extinct species, considers info abt relationships among organisms learned from DNA analysis
CONS: evolutionary histories are not known for all species
32
taxonomy
the branch of biology that **identifies, names, and classifies species based on natural features**
33
binomial nomenclauture
the system of giving a two-word Latin name to each species -- the first part is the genus and the second part is the species. Genus is captaized
34
genus
taxonomic group of a closely related species
35
classification
the grouping of organisms based on a set of criteria that helps to **organize and indicate evolutionary ***relationships***
36
hierARCHical classification
the method of classifying organisms in which species are arranged in categories from **most general to most specific**
37
rank
a **level in a classification** scheme such as phylum or order
38
taXon
**a named group of organisms** such as phylum Chordata or order Rodentia
39
ancestor
an organism from which other groups or organisms are descended
40
anatomy
the branch of biology that deals with the **STRUCTURE** and form, including internal systems. this is a branch of morphology
41
physiology
the branch of biology dealing with the physical and chemical **FUNCTIONS** so organisms, including internal processes.
42
PHLYOgenetic tree
a branching diagram use to show the **evolution relationships** among species
43
structural diversity
a type of biological diversity that is **exhibited in the variety of structure forms in living things**, from internal cell structure to body morphology
44
prokaryotic
a smaller, simple type of cell that does not have a membrane-bound nucleus
" before the nucleus"
45
eukaryotic
a larger, complex type of cell that **does have a membrane-bound nucleus**
**"true nucleus"**
46
dichotomous key
a system for narrowing down the identification of a specimen, one step at a time
47
autotroph
an organism that obtains energy by making its **own** food, usually using sunlight (or sometimes no living substances)
48
heterotroph
an organism that cannot make its own food and gets its nutrients and energy from consuming other organisms
49
list the basic ranks used in taxnonmic classification from least to most specific
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
50
what is the acronym used to remember the basic ranks
Don't Keep Poop Cake On Front Garage Step
51
anaerobic
do not require oxygen to carry out cellular respiration
52
prokaryotes: bacteria, archaea
# of cells:
Size: 1-10 micrometres (μm)
Genetic material: circular DNA, not bound by a membrane & genome made of a single chromosome
Cell division: not by mitosis and meiosis
Reproduction: asexual reporduction common
Number of cells: unicellular
Organelles: mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles absent
Metabolism: many are anaerobic (do not require oxygen to carry out cellular respiration)
53
aerobic
require oxygen to carry out cellular respiration
54
eukaryotes: protist, plants, fungi, animals 7
# of cells:
Size: 100-1000 micrometres (μm)
Genetic material: DNA bound by membrane & genome made of several chromosomes
Cell division: by mitosis and meiosis
Reproduction: sexual reporduction common
Number of cells: most forms are muticellular
Organelles: mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles present
Metabolism: many are aerobic (require oxygen to carry out cellular respiration)
55
virus
A structure that contain strands of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective coat; it cannot live independently outside of cells. Outside cells, virus are dormant
56
capsid
The outer protein layer that surrounds the **genetic material of a virus**
57
replication
The fundamental process of all cells, in which the genetic material is copied **before the cell reproduces**
58
lytic cycle
The replication process in virus in which the virus’s genetic material uses the **copying machinery** of the host cell to make new viruses
59
lysogenic cycle
The replication process in virus, in which the **viral DNA enters the host cell’s chromosome, it may remain dormant** and later activate and instruct the host cell to produce more viruses
60
prion
An **infectious particle** that causes damage to **nerve cells in the brain,** and that appears to consist mostly or entirely of a single protein.
61
bacteria
An **individual prokaryotic cell** or a single species that is in the **domain bacteria**
62
archaea
An **individual prokaryotic cell** of a single species that is in the domain Archaea
63
cocci
A micro-organism whose overall morphology is spherical or nearly so
64
bacilli
A micro-organism whose overall morphology is rod shaped
65
methangoensis
A biological (or chemical) process that produces methane as a **by-product**
66
extremeophile
An organism that lives in habitat characterized by EXTREME condition
67
mesophile
An organism that lives in habitat characterized by MODERATE conditions
68
Type of extremophile: thermophile
(“heat-lover”)
69
Type of extremophile: acidophile
(“acid-lover”)
70
Type of extremophile: halophile
(“salt-lover”)
71
Binary fission
**the asexual form of reproduction used by most prokaryotes** (and some eukaryotic organelles), **in which a cell divided into 2 genetically identical cells** (or organelles)
72
conjuctaion
A process in which there is a **transfer of genetic material** involving two cells
73
endospore
**A dormant bacterial cell** able to survive of long periods during extreme conditions
74
Gram stain
Gram stain: **a stain the separates bacteria into two major divisions**(grams positive and gram-negative) based on the cell wall’s response to the stain
75
Gram positive:
thick protein layer, stains purple
76
Gram negative
thin protein layer, stains pink
77
Protist
an **eukaryotic organism, unusually unicellular**, that is not a fungus, plant, or animal
78
Parsistie
Parsistie: an organism that benefits by living in or on another organism at the expense of that organism
79
Pseudopodia
a temporary cytoplasmic extensions that amoebas use for **feeding and movement**
80
Cilia
short, hair-like projection that functions in cell movement and particle manipulation when coordinated with other cilia
81
Flagella
a long, hair like projection extending from the cell membrane that press they cell using a whip-like motion
82
anaerobic
do not require oxygen to carry out cellular respiration
83
Red-tide
a coastal phenomenon in which **dinoflagellates** that contain red pigments are so concentrated that the seawater had a strict rid colour
84
protists
a eukaryotic organism, usually unicellular that is not a fungus, plant or animal
85
animal like protists (protozoans)
amoeba, ciliates, flagellates
AmCilFlag
86
characteristics of animal like protozoans
- they are animal-like because they consume other organisms for food (**heterotroph**)
- some species are parasites
87
fungus-like protists
SLIME mould and WATER moulds
88
characteristics of fungus-like protists
sukuna
- they are fungus-like because they **absorb nutrients from other organisms, living or dead**
- some slime mould consumes other organism.
- some water moulds are parasites
- **produce spores**
spores: reproductive part of organsim
89
plant like protists
euglenoids, diatoms, and dinoflagellates
EugDiaDino
90
characteristics of plant-like protists
- they are plant-like because they make **their own food by photosynthesis**
- some consume other organisms when light is unavailable. some live as symbionts within other organisms
symbiosis: interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.
91
parasite
an organism that benefits by living in or on another organism at the expense of that organism
92
the cercozoans: phylum cercozoa
- surface is cell membrane with **no cell wall**
- change shape using **inter cytoskeleton**
- temporary extension cytoplasm is **pseudopods (false feet) used for locomotion**
93
pseudopod
a temporary cytoplasmic extension that amoebas use for **feeding and movement**
94
The ciliates: phylum ciliophora
ketia
- ciliates
- **many short, hair like projections that cover the surface of the cell**
- cilia two purposes - **locomotion and sweeping food particle**
- many are **large and complex** over **100 nanometers**
- parasite of humans: balantidium coli in large intestine cause diarrhoea
95
Flagellates: phylum ZOOmastigina
fml pc
- **one or more flagella**
- **hard protective covering** over outer membrane
- some are **free-living, some parasites, some are mutualistic relationship**
96
The sporazonas: phylum sporozoa
zayn
- sporozoans are **parasites of animals**
- most have life cycles that **alternate b/n sexual and asexual reproduction and alternate between hosts**
- **plasmodium causes malaria in humans**
97
Plasmodial slime moulds: phylum Myxomycota
ricegum
- **visible to the unaided eye** as tiny slug-like organisms that creep over damp decaying plant terrain in forests and fields
- **plasmodium contain many nuclei**
- **feed by engulfing small particles of food into their cytoplasm**
98
Cellar simple mould: phylum acrasiomycota
- individual amoeboid cells which one nucleus each
- feed by ingesting tiny bacteria or yeast cells
- when food becomes scarce, cellar else chemical that causes them to gather together to form a pseudoplasmodium
99
Water moulds: Phylum oomycota
- live on dead organic matter
- some are parasites on fish, insects, and plants
- extend fungus-like threads into their host's tissue, where they release digestive enzymes and absorb the resulting nutrients
100
fungus
a stationary, **heterophic eukaryotic organism** whose cell walls contain chitin
101
Hypha
a multicellular, **thread like filament** that makes up the **basic structural unit of a fungus**
102
Mycelium
a complex **net like mass made of branching hyphae**
103
Fruiting body
the spore producing reproductive structure in fungi
104
Types of nutrition: parasitic
- absorb nutrients from living cell of host
- live inside host
- cordycpes invades insects, it dies fruiting bodies emerge to produce new spores
105
Types of nutrition: predatory
- soil fungi who mycelia have specialised structures for trapping prey
- eg arthrobotrys
106
Types of nutrition: mutualistic
- partnership with other organism , other plants or protists
- most caes mycliela cover roots of plant, called mycorrhiza
- increase the absorptive surface of the plant root, allowing the plant to take out more nutrients
- fungus releases sugar form plant
107
Types of nutrition: saprobial
- feed on dead organism or organic wastes
- decomposers whose mycelium absorb nutrients from dead or dying organic matter
- recycling nutrients into ecosystem
feed DO or OW
mycellium absorb
recycle
108
fragmentation
a piece of mycelium breaks and form a new individual
109
Fungal reproduction
- asexual and sexual reproduction
Aesxual - can by by spore production or other means, fragmentation
110
Fragmentation
which a piece of **mycelium** breaks and forms a new individual
111
Budding
an asexual reproduction method in which a new organism develops from a bud of an existing organism.
112
Fungi imperfecti: phylum deuteromycota
- diverse
- ex mould penicillium: greenish mould on food
- ex penicillium: penicillin (treats infections against bacteria)
- helps suppress immune system after transplant surgery, makes cheese and soy sauce
113
(fungi) Chytrids: phylum chytridiomycota
CYN
- mostly unicellular
- aquatic species and spores have flagella
- marine and freshwater ecosystems
- affect on humans: synchyttrium endonioticum, parasitic fungus that lives in soil and infects potato plants
uni
aqua spores = flagella
fresh + marine
potato plants
114
Zygospore
a diploid structs that develop after two haploid hyphae of oppose types combine and fuse their nuclei together
Haploid: presence of a single set of chromosomes in an organism's cells
Diploid: presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells
115
zygospore fungi: phylum zygomycota 5
- multicellular and mostly terrestrial
- common moulds
- mostly asexual
- thick wall develops around the zygospore after form, preventing content from drying
- remains dormant until condition are favourable for growth, absorbs water and nuclei undergoes meiosis
116
Sac fungi: phylum ascomycota
vernon
- **largest group of fungi**
- obtains nutrients by **breaking down material in wood and bone**
- other species are parasites of plants
- sexual reproduction in this group involves the **fusion of two mating types to form spore-bearing asci**
- single celled yeasts, asexual, by budding
117
ascus
small finger like structure in which **sac fungi develop spores**
118
Club fungi: phylum basidiomycota
- mushrooms and puffballs
- short lived fruiting bodies
- releases spores called basidiospores from club shaped hyphae called basidia
- some are parasite of plants
119
Lichens
- aka, composite organisms that results from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic plant or alga
- some are able to live in environments that are harsh
- they are important food source for manny animals
120
What is an animal
- eukaryotic, multicellular
- no cell walls
- heterotrophs, ingest then digest food
- mobile in at least one stage of their lives
- secually reproduction and produce an embryo that undergoes stages of development
121
Invertebrate
: animal with no backbone
122
Vertebrate
animal with internal skeleton and a backbone
123
Tissue
group of similar cells that is specialised to perform specific tasks, tissues organised into organs and organ systems
124
What are the three layers of the cells:
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
125
ECtoderm
- outer layer
- skin and nervous system
126
Mesoderm
- middle layer
- muscle and connective tissue
127
Endoderm
- inner layer
- digestive tract and organs
128
Pseudocoelomates –
animals with a
fluid-filled body cavity partly lined with
mesoderm.
129
acoelomate
animals without coelom wihtouut orgamisn suspended in fludedl-filled body cavity
130
Coelomates
animals with a body cavity
completely surrounded by mesoderm.
131
radial symmetry:
body plan that can be
divided along any plane, through a central
axis, into equal halves.
132
bilateral symmetry:
body plan that can be
be divided down its length into similar
right and left halves forming mirror images
of each other.
133
asymmetrical:
Animals that are
irregular in shape
134
Coelom
fluid filled body cavity
135
Segmentation
the division of multicellular bodies into a series of repetitive parts
136
Phylum Porifera: the sponges
- Number of germ layers: no tissues or organs
- Type of body cavity: doesn't have one?
- Body plan: e.g. segmentation, limbs, etc: blind gut
- Body symmetry: e.g. radial, bilateral, none: asymmetrical
- Other important characteristics: sessile as an adult,invertebrate
137
phylum cnidaria stinging-celled animals
- Number of germ layers: 2 germ layers
- Type of body cavity: 2 way digestive tract
- Body plan: e.g. segmentation, limbs, etc
- Body symmetry: radial symmetry
- Other important characteristics: no brain, stinging for catruing food, invertebrates
138
phylum platyhelminthes - the flat worms
Number of germ layers
Type of body cavity
Body plan
Body symmetry
Other important characteristics
- Number of germ layers: 3 tissue layers
- Type of body cavity: simple nervous system, primitive brain EYE SPOT
- Body plan: segmentation body
- Body symmetry: bilateral symmetry
- Other important characteristics: flat worms,tapeworms, flukes
139
phylum nematoda - round worms NOJT DONE
- Number of germ layers: none?
- Type of body cavity: none?
- Body plan: only bend from sisde to side to move, complete gut
- Body symmetry: none
- Other important characteristics: resistant to freezing extreme drying, heat
140
phylum annelida - the segemetned worms
- Number of germ layers: 3 germ layers
- Type of body cavity: ciliates, one way digestive system, well delopepd cirualry systesm
- Body plan: complete guy
- Body symmetry: bilateral symmetry
- Other important characteristics: fireworm
141
phylum mollusca - soft bodied animals, hard shell, snails slugs oysters
- Number of germ layers: 3 germ layers
- Type of body cavity: ciliates,
- Body plan: segmentation, 2 body openings, coelum
- Body symmetry: bilateral symmetry
- Other important characteristics: no shells, one shell or two shells
hard mouth part
142
phylum arthrophoda - joint legged animals inscensts, arachinds, cenitpedes
- Number of germ layers: 3 germ layers
- Type of body cavity: ciliates
- Body plan: arthropd = joined foot, movebale sections connected by joints, divded into segments hard exoskeltion made of portiend and chitin
- Body symmetry: bilateral symmetry
- Other important characteristics: must shed shell to grow,
includeds lobester
143
phylum echinodermata - spiney-skinned animals, sea urchines, sea cucumbers, sand dollarss
- Number of germ layers: 3 germ layers
- Type of body cavity: ciliates
- Body plan: spiny endoskelton, tube feet, water vascular system
- Body symmetry: radial symmetry
- Other important characteristics: pentamerism
144
tube feet
small muscialr, fluid-filled tubes that end in structure that are similar to suction cups. using muslces, the fanimsl forces water into the tube feet, making them extend. seas stars used to open mollusc shells
145
phylum chordata - vertebrates!!! fish, amphibams, reptiels, birds, and malleas
- Number of germ layers: 3 germ layers
- Type of body cavity: ciliates
- Body plan: notochord, rod-shaped structure found in chordate animals, replaced with the spine
- Body symmetry: bilateral symmetry
- Other important characteristics: dorsal nerve cord, tube shaped cord the extends along the back of the body
