Diversity

Question 1

What is the structure of binomial nomenclature?

Answer 1

First word = genus name
Second word = species name
Italics

Question 2

Prokaryotes

Answer 2

1. Archaebacteria
2. Eubacteria

Question 2

Who developed the binomial nomenclature system?

Answer 2

Carl Linnaeus

Question 3

What is the taxonomic hierarchy?

Answer 3

Names organisms and their relationships from very broad to very specific
Taxonomic categories
Kingdom King
Phylum Philip
Class Came
Order Over
Family For
Genus Great
Species Soup

Question 3

How to make a phylogenic tree?

Answer 3

*remember what miss boctor taught - ancestor

Question 3

Eukaryotes

Answer 3

1. Protista
2. Fungi
3. Animal
4. Plantae

Question 4

Archaebacteria

Answer 4

Unicellular
Live in extreme environments
Prokaryotic (no nucleus)

Methanogens: Live without oxygen.
They live in swamps, marshes, and
intestines.
They produce methane gas.

Question 5

Eubacteria

Answer 5

Unicellular
Prokaryotic
“Common bacteria”
E. coli is the most famous eubacteria,
because it is easily seen with a
microscope.

It is present in large numbers in feces, and
can be an indicator of contamination in
water supplies.

Question 6

Protista

Answer 6

Eukaryotic (has a nucleus)
Unicellular or colonial
Lots of different life styles

Question 7

Fungi

Answer 7

Cell walls made of chitin
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
External heterotrophs (can’t make own food)

Question 8

Plantae

Answer 8

Eukaryotic & Multicellular
Cell walls made of cellulose
Autotrophic

Question 9

Animalia

Answer 9

Eukaryotic & Multicellular
No cell walls
Internal heterotrophs

Question 10

How to make dichotomous key?

Answer 10

duck, lizard, hen, snake

scales
Y N
lizard duck
snake hen
/ \
legs webbed feet
Y N Y N
lizard snake duck hen

Question 11

What are Bacteria?

Answer 11

Bacteria are:

Unicellular. (Each bacterium is one cell)

Prokaryotic (Bacteria have no nucleus)

Question 12

What do bacteria have?

Answer 12

Bacteria have:

No organelles

One circular chromosome

Smaller DNA rings called Plasmids

Question 13

Binary Fission

Answer 13

Bacteria reproduce using binary fission.

This process is similar to mitosis, but
much simpler.

The bacterium copies its DNA, and then
splits into two identical bacteria.

Question 14

Conjugation

Answer 14

Bacteria have a form
of sexual
reproduction as well,
called conjugation.

In conjugation,
plasmids (genes)
can be transferred
between bacteria.
This effectively
means that bacteria
can transfer traits.

They can transfer
resistance genes to
antibiotics.

Imagine if humans
could transfer skills
like this!

Question 15

Advantages of bacteria

Answer 15

They are also beneficial.

They are used to make industrial products,
and are also useful in the environment

Making human insulin for diabetics

Breaking down dead skin and dust in your
house

Breaking down dead plants and animals

Helping break things down in digestion.

Question 16

disadvantages of bacteria

Answer 16

Bacteria cause a wide range of human
afflictions.

They can cause disease and infection.

The plague

Botulism

Septicemia

Acne

Bad breath

Question 17

Structure of bacteria (google)

Answer 17

Cell Envelope:
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

Cytoplasm:
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Inclusions

External Structures:
Flagella (singular: flagellum)
Pili (singular: pilus)
Capsule

Additional Structures:
Plasmids
Endospores

Question 18

Structure of viruses (google)

Answer 18

Genetic Material (NUCLEIC ACID)
Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. It can be single-stranded or double-stranded.

Capsid:
A protein coat that gives a virus its shape.

Envelope (in some viruses):
Consist of lipids and are found only in some viruses; it is believed to come from the host cell when the virus exits in the cell

Tails:
Viruses that infect bacteria have a tail used for attachment

Question 19

What is a Virus?

Answer 19

A virus is a small infectious particle that contains genetic material (DNA or RNA) within a protein capsule
Viruses have traits of living organisms, but they are not considered to be alive
They reproduce and contain genetic information but they cannot reproduce without a host cell

Question 20

What characterizes a virus?

Answer 20

Main characteristics:
* Non-living
* Non-cellular: they have no cytoplasm or cellular organelles
* Capable of reproducing only when inside a host cell
o They do not conduct any metabolism on their own and must replicate using the metabolic machinery of the cell
* Infectious
o Can be harmless, others kill their host
* Microscopic
o Can only be seen using an electron microscope

Question 21

What are viruses classified into?

Answer 21

They are classified into:
- Orders
- Families
- Genus
- Species

Question 22

What are the three shapes of viruses?

Answer 22

1. Helical (rod shaped) 2. Cubic or polyhedral (many sided) 3. Complex (neither of the others)

Question 23

Lytic vs Lysogenic cycle

Answer 23

Lytic: Binding, DNA enters, New viral parts, assembly, Lysis Lysogenic Binding, DNA enters, New viral parts, Cell enters lytic cycle

Question 24

8 characteristics of life

Answer 24

reproduction, heredity, cellular organization, growth and development, response to stimuli, adaptation through evolution, homeostasis, and metabolism. Something must have all 8 of these traits to be considered a living thing.

Question 25

Characteristics of prokaryotes

Answer 25

All prokaryotes have plasma membranes, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a cell wall, DNA, and lack membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea. Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, have no nucleus, and lack organelles.

Question 26

Characteristics of eukaryotes

Answer 26

Eukaryotic cells have the nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane. The cell has mitochondria. Flagella and cilia are the locomotory organs in a eukaryotic cell. A cell wall is the outermost layer of the eukaryotic cells. The cells divide by a process called mitosis. The eukaryotic cells contain a cytoskeletal structure. The nucleus contains a single, linear DNA, which carries all the genetic information.

Question 27

characteristic of invertebrates

Answer 27

Invertebrates are generally soft-bodied animals that lack a rigid internal skeleton for the attachment of muscles but often possess a hard outer skeleton (as in most mollusks, crustaceans, and insects) that serves, as well, for body protection.

Question 28

characteristic of vertebrates

Answer 28

As chordates, vertebrates have the same common features: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. Vertebrates are further differentiated from chordates by their vertebral column, which forms when their notochord develops into the column of bony vertebrae separated by discs.

Question 29

differences between plant and animal cells

Answer 29

Animal cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes, whereas plant cells do not. Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, whereas animal cells do not.