Evolution

Question 1

What are the 3 types of fossils?

Answer 1

• Body Fossils
• Trace Fossils
• Pseudofossils

Question 2

What are homologous features
(Built ______)

Answer 2

Similar structures in various organisms that have different functions ex. humans, horses, cats and whales have similar bone structure

Question 3

What are analogous features?

Answer 3

different structures in various arganisms that have similar functions
• no common ancestor
ex. eyes and wings of birds and insects

Question 4

What are vestigial features?

Answer 4

features that do not have a functian ex. appendix, gooscbumps

Question 5

Stabilizing selection

Answer 5

selection against two extremes of a trait that results in an in -
between trait ex. short plants vs tall plants = medium plants.

Question 6

Directional selection

Answer 6

selection against one extreme of a trait that results in the
apposite extreme trait ex. peppered moth

Question 7

Disruptive selection

Answer 7

selection against in between traits that results in 2 extremes
of a trait ex, mice on beach

Question 8

Bottleneck effect

Answer 8

extreme example of genetic drift
large number from pepulation is greatly reduced

Question 9

Founder effect

Answer 9

a small number of individuals establish a new populations

Question 10

Genetic drift

Answer 10

Some individuals produce more offspring by chance genes of next generation will inherit the genes of “lucky”
Individuals random, happens to all species

Question 11

Lamarack

Answer 11

Scientist that suggested that evolutionary change resulted from 2 principles
1. use and disuse
• Structures that were used became bigger and stranger while structures that were not used became smaller and weaker
2. inneritance of aquired characteristics
• Individuals can pass aquired characteristics to their offspring
theory of evolution = species evolve and adapt to ther changing
environment

Question 12

Castrophatism

Answer 12

global castrophes cause widespred extinction of species
• these extinct species were replaced by newley createdones

Question 13

Uniformitarism

Answer 13

earth has been changed by the same process in the past that are occuring in the present
• Old, slow moving evolutionary change

Question 14

Artificial selection

Answer 14

domestication (not natural)
• humans choose individuals within a plant or animal species with desireable traits to be parents in hopes that these tralts are passed down examples
• dogs are domesticated wolves
• effective but siow, can take multiple generations Limitations
• breeders cannot create traits that are not already present
• can make population uninerable to discase
• we lose genetic diversity
• a favoured allele could be linked to a detrimental trait

Question 15

Adaptations

Answer 15

different features in a species that improves their chances for survival in a specific environment
• physical or behavioural
• ex. sharper teeth, longer hibernation period

Question 16

Cultural evolution

Answer 16

humans and chimps have many cultural differences ex. languages, sports, art

Question 17

Hominid fossil record

Answer 17

Fossils of hip bones, teet, leg bones, footsteps inform us about walking upright
• fossil skulls can relp us track brain sizes
• tods inform about human culture

Question 18

Name 7 primate characteristics

Answer 18

• large brains relative to body size
  • forward directed eyes, flexible hands and feet
  • arms that can votare fully, apposable thumbs human characteristics
  • bipedal
  • complex reasoning, complex language ability to learn, very large brain hands capable of manipulation and ccordination

Question 19

Divergent Evolution

Answer 19

• two or more related species become dissimilar through evolution
• descend from common ancestor
• diverging tralts to adapt to ecological niches
• elephant, mammath → homologous convergent evolution
• unrelated species become similar through evolution
• do not descend from common ancestor
• converging tralts to adapt to their similar ecolgical miches
• hummingbird and math → analogous coevolution
•evolutionary success is closely linked to another species
• evolutionary arms race
• cheetah lantelope, bees/ flovers

Question 20

How is the history of the earth divided?

Answer 20

eons, eras, periods
• based on dramatic changes in fossil records

Question 21

Missing links

Answer 21

gaps in fossil records
• few fossils of transitional forms
→ organisms intermidate in farm between their modern for and ancient relative

Question 22

a transitional fossil - tikaalik rosae

Answer 22

-Fishapod
• has features of fish and fourlegged animals
• filled the missing link of the trasition of water to land animal

Question 23

Speciation

Answer 23

the formation of a new species

Question 24

allopatric speciation

Answer 24

→when a species is separated in two geographically isolated populations (If separated they cannot mate)
overtime populations become less alike
mutations arise in one population but not the other different changes in environment lead to different forms of natural selection
populations will evolve into some sart of reproductive isclating mechanism
ex. isthmus of Panama separated the Caribbean Sea from the
pacic ocean (divided species in the channel)

Question 25

Sympatric speciation

Answer 25

**occurs when individuals within a population become genetically isolated from the larger population** due to different food sources ar random genetic mutations eventually er suddenly, reproductive isolating mechanisms will occur ex. gradual - hawthorn files laid eggs in fruits of hawthorn trees, then apple trees that became two different specues ex sudden - when mutation offspring are sexually compatible and **create new species**

Question 26

Reproductive isolating mechanisms

Answer 26

prezygotic - barriers act before organisms have a chance to mate (behavioural, temporal, ecological, mechanical, gametic) • postzygatic - barriers act on the zygote after organisms mate (zygotic mortality, hybrid, inviability, hybrid infertility)

Question 27

Adaptive radiation (Darwin’s finches)

Answer 27

single species evolves into a number of distinct species, occurs when new resources become available. (darwins finches)

Question 28

Mutations

Answer 28

**spontaneous changes in genetic information due to DNA replication errors or mutations** • can have immediate effect on individual or be inherited and affect future generations

Question 29

Name the 3 types of mutations

Answer 29

**neutral** - no benefit or harm ex. Heterochromia **harmful** (deleterious) - reduces reproductive success ex. cancer, cystic fibrosis **beneficial**- increases reproductive success ex. sickie all allele

Question 30

Limitations when artificially breeding

Answer 30

**breeders cannot create traits that are not already present** • can make population vulnerable to disease • we lose genetic diversity • a favoured allele could be linked to a detrimental trait

Question 31

What was the Cambrian explosion?

Answer 31

Around 530 million years ago, a wide variety of animals burst onto the evolutionary scene in an event known as the Cambrian explosion. In perhaps as few as 10 million years, marine animals evolved most of the basic body forms that we observe in modern groups.

Question 32

sexual selection

Answer 32

Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection in which members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with, and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex.

Question 33

Natural selection

Answer 33

**descent with modification," the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor.** Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution. Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success. This process causes species to change and diverge over time.

Question 34

Voyage of the Beagle

Answer 34

Darwin was also fortunate that the Beagle took him to the Galapagos Islands, where he observed various animals and birds that had evolved in an isolated environment. His observations led him to his famous theory of natural selection.

Question 35

Darwin biogeography

Answer 35

Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. Darwin's Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. More individuals are produced each generation that can survive. Phenotypic variation exists among individuals and the variation is heritable. Wallace came to much the same conclusion that Darwin published in the Origin of Species: biogeography was simply a record of inheritance. As species colonized new habitats and their old ranges were divided by mountain ranges or other barriers, they took on the distributions they have today.

Question 36

Convergent evolution

Answer 36

What is convergent evolution? Convergent evolution occurs when organisms that aren't closely related evolve similar features or behaviours, often as solutions to the same problems. The process can result in matching body shapes, colour patterns or abilities.

Question 37

co - evolution

Answer 37

the reciprocal evolutionary change in a set of interacting populations over time resulting from the interactions between those populations. Usually, the interacting populations are different species, like plant–pollinator, predator–prey, or host–parasite.