Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Plumbum Institute of Biology > DIVERSITY > Flashcards

DIVERSITY Flashcards

(78 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

List the levels of taxa in order of highest to lowest

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

characteristics of Archaea

A

prokaryotic, anaerobic, asexual reproduction. molecularly distinct from bacteria. they are thought to be the first organism to have evolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

characteristics of Bacteria

A

prokaryotic mesophiles who usually reproduce asexually (binary fission) but sometimes sexually (conjugation). can be heterotrophic or autotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

characteristics of Protista

A

the catch-all kingdom referring to all eukaryotes that aren’t plants, animals, or fungi. as such, they can be sexual, asexual, heterotrophic, autotrophic, unicellular, or multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

characteristics of Fungi

A

saprophytic (external digestion) eukaryotes that can be multicellular or unicellular. they are nonmotile and can reproduce either sexually or asexually.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

characteristics of Plantae

A

multicellular photosynthetic non-motile eukaryotes. cells contain chloroplasts and they can reproduce sexually or asexually.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

characteristics of Animalia

A

eukaryotic, usually motile, heterotrophs. cells have no cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

phylogenetics vs cladistics

A

phylogenics is the study of evolutionary history and relationships among organisms. Cladistics is a method for determining common ancestors based on comparative characteristics like homology and analogy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why are viruses not considered alive?

A

they cannot carry out any life-sustaining functions (protein synthesis, reproduction, generating energy) without a host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

capsid

A

the protein shell enclosing a virus’ nucleic acid, composed of protein organized in subunits called capsomeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

viral envelope

A

an outer lipid bilayer that some viruses acquire during lysis, essentially stealing the host’s membrane. many also develop glycoprotein or protein spikes that help the virus attach to specific cell surfaces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 general shapes of virus

A

helical and icosahedral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how are viruses classified?

A

based on the organisms they infect (animal, plant, or bacterium), and classified further by the type and size of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), the shape of the capsid, and whether they have a lipid envelope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bacteriophage

A

a virus that infects bacteria using an elaborate infection process, attaching a tail to the virus with proteinaceous pins that injects the viral genome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

list the stages of the lytic cycle

A

attachment, entry, synthesis, assembly, lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

list the stages of the lysogenic cycle

A

attachment, entry, provirus formation, cell division, provirus leaves host genome, synthesis, assembly, lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

used by some archaea, cellular respiration that does not involve oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

thermophile

A

of archaea; lives in extreme heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

thermoacidiphile

A

of archaea; lives in hot and acidic environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

methanogen

A

of archaea; lives without oxygen and generates methane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

halophile

A

of archaea; loves a salty environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

3 shapes of bacteria

A

coccus, bacillus, spirillum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 aggregation styles of bacteria

A

diplo-, strepto-, staphylo-.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

gram positive vs gram negative bacteria

A

gram positive bacteria have a single membrane surrounded by a thick cell wall (stain purple). gram negative bacteria have two lipid membranes and a thinner cell wall between the two (stain pink).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
cyanobacteria (basic)
photosynthetic bacteria
26
binary fission
simple asexual reproduction found in prokaryotes, the genome simply replicates and the cell splits in two
27
describe the process of conjugation
a F+ bacterium with a fertility factor plasmid connects to an F- bacterium (no plasmid) using a sex pilus, through which the fertility factor travels after replicating.
28
describe the process of high-frequency recombination
a section of the Hfr+ bacterium's genome replicates and travels through a sex pilus into the Hfr- bacterium after replicating
29
endosymbiosis
the theory that mitochondria and plastids originated when one prokaryotic cell engulfed another. this is supported by mitochondria and plastids having membranes more similar to prokaryotes and replicating independently, with their own genomes, with binary fission.
30
list the 4 clades that Eukaryota has been divided into in recent years
Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta
31
list the 4 phyla of protozoa
flagellates, cercozoates, ciliates, sporozoans
32
flagellates
move using flagella, example of Trypanosoma which causes sleeping sickness
33
cercozoates
protozoa who move using psuedopods, such as Amoeba
34
ciliates
protozoa who move using cilia, such as Stentor or Paramecium
35
sporozoans
protozoa who form spores, such as Plasmodium
36
list the 6 phyla of algae
chlorophytes, rhodophytes, chrysophytes, pyrrhophytes, euglophytes, phaeophytes
37
chlorophytes
most similar to plants, use starch and have cellulose walls. can be uni- or multicellular and usually use flagella
38
phaeophytes
brown algae, mostly multicellular seaweed and have walls of cellulose and alginic acid that prevent drying out at low tide.
39
rhodophytes
red algae found deep in the sea, made of mucilaginous material to resist drying
40
chrysophytes
diatoms. most abundant unicellular algae, with a thick silica shell consisting of an upper and lower "box" like a shoebox. they produce a significant amount of O2
41
pyrrophytes
dinoflagellates. stiff cellulose walls and are always unicellular. have two flagella
42
euglenophytes
small freshwater organisms with two flagella. can be auto- or heterotrophic and some have a light-sensitive eyespot
43
water molds
filamentous organisms resembling fungi
44
plasmodial slime molds
tiny slug-like organisms that creep over decaying organic matter
45
list the 5 phyla of fungi
chytrids, zygospores, sac fungi, club fungi, imperfect fungi
46
chytrids (chytridiomycota)
single-celled aquatic asexual fungi
47
zygospores (zygomycota)
multicellular fungi with long strands of hyphae tipped with zygospores. examples include bread mold
48
sac fungi (ascomycota)
diverse, including some powdery mold, truffles, and yeast (unicellular). they produce finger-like sacs called asci when two mating types fuse, or they reproduce asexually by budding.
49
club fungi (basidiomycota)
have a prominent fruiting body containing special hyphae called basidia. includes mushrooms and puffballs
50
imperfect fungi (deuteromycota)
very diverse and possibly not actually related, asexual reproduction. includes penicillium.
51
what makes up lichen?
combo of algae and fungi
52
hypha
a microscopic filamentous branch of fungus that is the part of the mushroom that grows and absorbs food.
53
mycelium
a connected mass of hyphae
54
how do we know fungi are more closely related to animals than plants?
fungal cell walls contain chitin, they store energy as glycogen rather than starch, and they are heterotrophic
55
bryophytes characteristics
generally small plants that never have any vascular system. they disperse by spores and most lack a cuticle.
56
three phyla of bryophytes
moss, hornwort, liverwort
57
tracheophytes
plants containing vascular systems, can be seedless or have seeds. Body has an axis and leaves always have cuticle
58
four phyla of seedless tracheophytes
fern, whisk fern, horsetail, club moss
59
gymnosperms
plants that have seeds but the seeds are naked (gymnasium is where you exercised naked i guess)
60
four phyla of gymnosperms
cycads, conifers, ginkgoes, gnetophyta
61
angiosperms
seed-bearing tracheophytes whose seeds are protected by fruit
62
anthophyta
the one phylum containing all angiosperms. flowering plants
63
list the 3 layers of tissue in animals
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
64
coelom
a fluid-filled body cavity found in coelomate animals (deuterostomes and protostomes)
65
list the traits of Porifera
sponges. radially symmetrical or asymmetrical animals with only cell-level organization. they are filter feeders that can reproduce sexually or asexually
66
list the traits of Cnidaria
jellyfish, coral, and anemones. they have tissue-level organization and are diploblastic (meaning no mesoderm). they consist of a gastrovascular cavity and can take on two forms - polyps and medusae. their defining trait is cnidocytes, or stinging cells.
67
list the traits of Platyhelminthes
flatworms. as the name suggests, they are dorsoventrally flattened. they still only have a gastrovascular cavity open on one end, but BILATERALly symmetrical, TRIPLOBLASTIC, and have ORGAN-level organization.
68
list the traits of Annelida
segmented worms. they are bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic with two digestive openings and a COELOM. they have setae (spines) and have all the major organ SYSTEMS, not just organs anymore. PROTOSTOME
69
list the traits of Nematoda
roundworms. cylindrical and bilaterally symmetrical, considered pseudocoelomate. only sexual reproduction, and dioecious. they have an anterior nerve ring (almost a brain) and both dorsal and ventral nerve cords.
70
list the traits of Mollusca
molluscs. PROTOSTOMES with organ level organization, including a mantle and a muscular foot. DIOECIOUS
71
list the traits of Echinodermata
starfish, sea urchins. DEUTEROSTOMES, pentaradially symmetical. they use tube feet, spines, or arms to move. they are dioecious and use external fertilization.
72
list the traits of Arthropoda
BUGS!!!! insects, crustaceans, arachnids. they are protostomes with jointed legs (arthro- joint, like arthritis + pod meaning leg). divided into head, thorax, and abdomen although the former two are sometimes fused. they have a chitinous exoskeleton, dioecious and use internal fertilization
73
list the traits of Chordata
includes mammals, fish, lancelets, etc. deuterostome. have a NOTOCHORD - structure that guides development of a dorsal nerve cord. all have gill slits at some point in their life . they also apparently have a subpharyngeal gland for concentrating iodine. do NOT get this confused with vertebrates, which are a subgroup of Chordates that have a spine
74
list the traits of Mammalia (note this is a class not a phylum)
class within Chordata that has hair, produces milk, and is warm blooded
75
deuterostome
anus forms first during embryonic development
76
protostome
mouth forms first during embryonic development (stome means mouth - first mouth)
77
dioecious
male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals
78
gastrovascular cavity
two-way digestive tract that serves as circulation, ingestion, digestion, and egestion for Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes. The organism is basically laid out like a bag rather than a tube.

Plumbum Institute of Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions