MACROMOLECULES + CELL PARTS

Question 1

Carbohydrate monomers and elements

Answer 1

CHO in a 1:2:1 ratio. Monomers are called monosaccharides such as glucose, galactose, and fructose.

Question 2

Maltose

Answer 2

Glucose + Glucose

Question 3

Lactose

Answer 3

Glucose + Galactose

Question 4

Sucrose

Answer 4

Glucose + Fructose

Question 5

Carbohydrate functions

Answer 5

Store energy (hydrolyzed to glucose for cellular respiration), long structural molecules

Question 6

Starch

Answer 6

Long polysaccharides plants store in plastids to hydrolyze later for energy. Amylose is unbranched, amylopectin IS branched

Question 7

Glycogen

Answer 7

A highly branched polysaccharide stored by animals for later energy (in muscles and liver)

Question 8

Cellulose

Answer 8

A long, unbranched molecule used for structure in plant walls. Each glucose monomer is bonded upside-down relative to its neighbours. Form microfibrils when parallel molecules bond together.

Question 9

Chitin

Answer 9

Polysaccharide used as structural support in fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons. Like cellulose but with a group containing nitrogen.

Question 10

Protein monomers and elements

Answer 10

C, H, O, N, and P. Monomers are amino acids (20 of them out there)

Question 11

Protein examples (5)

Answer 11

Enzymes, structural support (keratin, collagen), antibodies, transport membrane proteins, hormones

Question 12

Basic amino acid form

Answer 12

Amino group (H2N), carbon with hydrogen above in the centre, carboxyl group (C doublebond to O, single bond to OH), and then the R group at the bottom

Question 13

Lipid elements

Answer 13

C, H, O, and sometimes P, less O than carbs though. No monomers.

Question 14

Triglyceride structure

Answer 14

A glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acids at an ester linkage

Question 15

Fatty acid structure and saturation

Answer 15

A chain of carbon atoms with 2 hydrogens bonded to each. If not all hydrogens are present, the fatty acid is unsaturated.

Question 16

Phospholipid

Answer 16

A glycerol molecule with TWO fatty acids and a phosphate group opposite them.

Question 17

Steroid

Answer 17

A lipid consisting of 4 carbon rings - 3 hexoses and a pentose. Testosterone and cholesterol are examples

Question 18

Wax

Answer 18

A long alcohol bonded to a fatty acid at an ester part.

Question 19

Nucleic acid elements and monomers

Answer 19

C H O P N. Consist of nitrogenous bases, phosphate groups, and ribose or deoxyribose saccharides which form NUCLEOTIDES, the monomer.

Question 20

DNA

Answer 20

Phosphate bonded to DEOXYRIBOSE sugar bonded to nitrogenous base. Double-stranded helical shape. Stores genetic information of organisms.

Question 21

FIVE nitrogenous bases

Answer 21

Adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. The latter replaces thymine in RNA.

Question 22

RNA

Answer 22

Phosphate bonded to RIBOSE sugar bonded to nitrogenous base. Single-stranded, used to transfer genetic information around

Question 23

Purine

Answer 23

Two carbon rings, adenine or guanine. Always bond to pyrimidines

Question 24

Pyrimidine

Answer 24

One carbon ring, thymine or cytosine. Always bond to purines

Question 25

In DNA, which nitrogenous bases bond to which?

Answer 25

A to T, C to G

Question 26

Nucleoid region

Answer 26

Region in the centre of a prokaryotic cell where genophore hangs out

Question 27

Genophore

Answer 27

Long circular molecule of DNA that stores genetic information of prokaryote

Question 28

Plasmid

Answer 28

Circular piece of DNA that reproduces independently in prokaryotic cells and contains info for reproduction or immune resistance

Question 29

Ribosome

Answer 29

Combo of rRNA and protein that reads mRNA and assembles amino acids into a corresponding protein sequence. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic have them

Question 30

Pilus

Answer 30

Prokaryote. Pilin protein shaft that transfers DNA to a recipient cell during conjugation

Question 31

Fimbria

Answer 31

Prokaryote. Fimbrillin protein shaft, shorter than pili, used to stick to surfaces or other cells.

Question 32

Storage granule

Answer 32

Prokaryote. Granule of stored glycogen, lipid, or phosphate or other elements. Stores energy or nutrients

Question 33

PROKARYOTIC cell membrane

Answer 33

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Gram negative bacteria have two of them with a periplasmic space in between and lipopolysaccharide extensions.

Question 34

PROKARYOTIC cell wall

Answer 34

Layer of peptidoglycan (polysaccharide including amino acids) either outside cell (gram+) or between two membranes (gram-). Stops turgor pressure from breaking the cell or it being damaged externally

Question 35

Slime capsule

Answer 35

In PROKARYOTES, layer of glycocalyx (sugar, glycoproteins and glycolipids). Offers adhesion, protection from antibodies and macrophages

Question 36

Nuclear membrane

Answer 36

EUKARYOTES. Double membrane surrounding nucleus, continuous with rough ER. Regulates molecular flow into and out of nucleus

Question 37

Nuclear pore

Answer 37

EUKARYOTES. perforations in nuclear membrane where both membranes are continuous. lined by protein structures called pore complexes.

Question 38

Chromatin

Answer 38

EUKARYOTES. Complex of DNA and histone proteins that fill the nucleus and carry genetic information

Question 39

Eukaryotic Cell wall

Answer 39

In plants, cellulose microfibrils in matrix of polysaccharides and proteins that hold the plant up against gravity and are perforated by plasmodesmata.

Question 40

Nucleolus

Answer 40

EUKARYOTES. Centre of nucleus where ribosomes are assembled

Question 41

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 41

EUKARYOTES. Phospholipid bilayer continuous with nuclear membrane. Embedded ribosomes synthesize proteins which are stored inside the ER to be released as vesicles made of ER membrane

Question 42

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 42

EUKARYOTES. synthesizes lipids using enzymes, stored inside itself and released as vesicles made of ER membrane

Question 43

golgi apparatus

Answer 43

EUKARYOTES. Group of flattened phospholipid membrane sacs. Vesicles from ER reach the cis face and merge into one cisterna, which moves forward conveyor belt-style with other cisternae, becoming the trans face which splits into more vesicles. essentially, directs molecules to their final destinations

Question 44

mitochondrion

Answer 44

EUKARYOTES. tiny prokaryotic-type organelle that ended up inside eukaryotes through endosymbiosis. 2 membranes, the inner one very convoluted to provide surface area for embedded proteins and ribosomes for cellular respiration. Have their own DNA and reproduce independently

Question 45

plastid

Answer 45

PLANTS. term for double-membrane-bound organelles originating with endosymbiosis that may contain chlorophyll in thylakoid disks (CHLOROPLAST!) or starch or pigment

Question 46

lysosome

Answer 46

EUKARYOTES. vesicle containing digestive enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules, the stomach of the cell

Question 47

peroxisome

Answer 47

EUKARYOTES. enzyme-containing vesicle that oxidizes molecules like amino acids or fatty acids. this process creates H2O2 (hence the name peroxisome), which is toxic, so it is done in this organelle as a safe space for this dangerous reaction.

Question 48

centrosome

Answer 48

ANIMALS. region containing 2 centrioles, which are 9 groups of 3 microtubules arranged radially symmetrically. Microtubules originate here to organize chromosomes during mitosis/meiosis

Question 49

cilium + flagellum

Answer 49

EUKARYOTES. group of microtubules connected to a basal body (basically a centriole) that contains motor proteins to flick back and forth when dyneins "walk" against adjacent microtubules. flagella are just longer cilia

Question 50

cytosol

Answer 50

the fluid portion of cytoplasm, so not including membranes and organelles