Diversity of Cells and their Function

Question 1

Is endocytosis mediated?

Answer 1

often

Question 2

What do phagosomes bind with?

Answer 2

lysosomes, forms phagolysosome

Question 3

Where are sections cut to be viewed under a microscope?

Answer 3

microtome

Question 4

What is haemotoxycylin?

Answer 4

basic dye, affinity for acids (turns them blue) eg nucleus

Question 5

What is eosin?

Answer 5

acidic dye, affinity for bases e.g. proteins (turns them pink)

Question 6

In what two ways are epithelia mainly seen?

Answer 6

as glands or sheets covering surfaces

Question 7

What is a squamous shape?

Answer 7

flat

Question 8

What does simple epithelium mean?

Answer 8

1 layer

Question 9

What does stratified epithelium mean?

Answer 9

2 + layers

Question 10

What does pseudostratified epithelium mean?

Answer 10

appears to me multilayered, but sits on basal lamina

Question 11

How many main types of muscle cells are there?

Answer 11

3 (smooth, skeletal, cardiac)

Question 12

What does glandular epithelia produce?

Answer 12

secretory products e.g. sweat

Question 13

Where are secretory products released in endocrine glands?

Answer 13

Endocrine glands: product secreted toward the basal end of the cell (end sitting on basal lamina), then distributed by the vascular system throughout the body. Termed ‘ductless’ glands.

Question 14

Where are secretory products released in exocrine glands?

Answer 14

Exocrine glands: product secreted toward the apical end of the cell either into the lumen of an internal space, into a duct, or onto the body surface. Termed ‘ducted’ glands.

Question 15

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

Answer 15

no

Question 16

What are the subtypes of connective tissue?

Answer 16

hard, soft (and blood and lymph)

Question 17

What does the extracellular matrix is connective tissue consist of?

Answer 17

Fibres: collagen, reticular and elastic fibers
Ground substance: an amorphous, space occupying material made of huge unbranched polysaccharide molecules called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), most of which are bound to protein cores to form glycoproteins
Tissue fluid

Question 18

What do cells of connective tissue consist of?

Answer 18

Fibroblasts
Adipose cells
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes: cells of cartilage

Question 19

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 19

widely distributed cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix.

Question 20

What are adipose cells?

Answer 20

fat cells, found scattered in many connective tissues, but predominant cell in adipose tissue (fat)

Question 21

What are osteocytes?

Answer 21

cells of bone

Question 22

What are chondrocytes?

Answer 22

cells of cartilage

Question 23

How can soft connective tissue also be classified?

Answer 23

dense or loose

Question 24

Where does cartilage receive nutrients from?

Answer 24

from adjacent tissues by diffusion through its matrix

Question 25

What are the 3 types of cartilage and what defines them?

Answer 25

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. Defined by extracellular matrix

Question 26

Which is the most common type of cartilage and where is it found?

Answer 26

Hyaline, found in Articular surfaces Tracheal rings Costal cartilage Epiphyseal growth plates

Question 27

What makes up the shaft of bone?

Answer 27

An outer shell of dense cortical bone (diaphysis)

Question 28

What occupies the ends of the bone (the epiphyses)?

Answer 28

trabecular or cancellous (fine aero-bar like mesh) bone

Question 29

What is force within muscle produced by?

Answer 29

movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres, with the aid of a number of accessory proteins.

Question 30

What is smooth muscle also called?

Answer 30

involuntary or visceral

Question 31

Does smooth muscle have visible striations?

Answer 31

No -that's why it is smooth

Question 32

Which type of muscle has a cigar shaped nucleus?

Answer 32

Smooth

Question 33

What are skeletal muscles also called?

Answer 33

voluntary or striated muscle

Question 34

Are skeletal muscle single or multinucleated?

Answer 34

Multi

Question 35

What is the cell membrane called in muscle cells?

Answer 35

sarcolemma

Question 36

What are nuclei in skeletal muscle like?

Answer 36

elongated, lie to periphery of cell

Question 37

Are cardiac muscle striations more or less prominent than skeletal muscle?

Answer 37

less

Question 38

In which type of muscle do intercalated discs pass through at irregular intervals?

Answer 38

cardiac

Question 39

What does nervous tissue consist of?

Answer 39

neurones and glia

Question 40

What is the ratio of glia to neurons?

Answer 40

10:1

Question 41

What is the connective tissue coat called in the CNS?

Answer 41

Meninges

Question 42

What is the connective tissue coat called in the PNS?

Answer 42

Epineurium

Question 43

What are the 3 main types of glia in the CNS and what do they do?

Answer 43

Astrocytes: support, ion transport Oligodenrocytes: produce myelin Microglia: provide immune surveillance

Question 44

What are the principal glia in the PNS?

Answer 44

Schwann cells