diversity of terpenoids

Question 1

terpenoids produced in what three areas of cell?

Answer 1

ER, mitochondria and plastids

Question 2

in what ways are terpenoids diverse? 5 catagoties

Answer 2

chemistry/skeleton
chemical reactions
plant features
stress and enviornmental factors
genetics

Question 3

what are 5 basic factors that enable terpenoid diversity?

Answer 3

arms race
nature
defense
commensalism
mutualism

Question 4

how did “arms race” enable diversity of terpenoids?

Answer 4

the ability of plants to make new terpenoids arose via selection - with slow global changes of enviornment, ‘old’ plants with ‘older’ terpenoids weren’t as effective as newer terpenoids

Question 5

evolution involved in diversity of terpenoids prior to the

Answer 5

emergence of plants

Question 6

emergence of new _____ that encode for new _______ supports diversity

Answer 6

genes
metabolites

Question 7

terpeniods were used in the middle east back in the day for

Answer 7

disease treatments, artifacts using amber, scents, waterproofing

Question 8

the terpenoid beta-carotene is a precursor for

Answer 8

vitamin A

Question 9

which terpenoids contributes to food colouring and flavour (herbs, spices, wine)

Answer 9

BLAZN

bixin
lycopene
astaxanthin
zingiberne
nootkatone

Question 10

the antimicrobial and insecticidal properties of terpenoids allows use for

Answer 10

food preservation, mouthwash, disinfectants, insect repellants, etc

Question 11

these two terpenoids are anti cancer agents because they are toxic to cells:

Answer 11

TV

taxol
vinblastine

Question 12

hormone terpenoids examples

Answer 12

P(t)SD

progesterone (birth control)
steroids
diosgenin

Question 13

terpenoids with neuro-toxic effects

Answer 13

C(a)TS

cardenolides
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Salvinorin A

Question 14

terpenoids can be found in trees: _______ in northern hemisphere and _____ in australia

Answer 14

conifers
eucalyptus

Question 15

the molecular mechanism to make terpenoids is ____________ reactions

Answer 15

condensation

Question 16

give a two sentence summary of the terpenoid condensation reaction

Answer 16

• two molecules combine to form single molecule
• results in removal of water

Question 17

three types of condensation reactions

Answer 17

head to tail
head to head
head to middle

Question 18

the condensation reactions use _______ _________ instead of _____ _________

Answer 18

prenyl diphosphates
free prenyls

Question 19

C5 -> _______ terpenoid

Answer 19

hemi

Question 20

C10 -> _____ terpenoid

Answer 20

mono

Question 21

C15 -> ______ terpenoid

Answer 21

sesqui

Question 22

head to tail reaction occurs via ______ and _______ prenyl diphosphates

Answer 22

trans and cis

Question 23

head to head rxn of 2 trans sesquiterpenyl diphosphates x2 C15 -> C____
ex. of a C___ is ______

Answer 23

C30
sterols

Question 24

head to head rxn of 2 trans diterpenyl diphosphates x2 C20 -> C____
ex. of a C____ is ______

Answer 24

C40
carotenoid

Question 25

alpha and beta carotene found in __________ tissue

Answer 25

photosynthetic

Question 26

absiscic acid and strigolactones are degradation products of ____________

Answer 26

carotenoids

Question 27

rubber is made of hundreds of C5 units attached to _________ polyprenyl starter

Answer 27

trans

Question 28

terpenoid rxns catalyzed by ______ _________

Answer 28

terpene synthases (TPSs)

Question 29

TPSs use _________ __________ as precursors (what is the basic terpene skeleton?)

Answer 29

prenyl diphosphates

Question 30

___________ —( )—> ___________ intermediates ——-> diverse terpene products

Answer 30

prenyl diphosphates
TPSs
carbocation intermediates

Question 31

T/F: it take many amino acid mutations in a TPS to produce many new terpenoids

Answer 31

no, it only takes 1 single aa change to produce multiple terpenes

Question 32

TPS genes occur as a family of ___ - ____ genes per genome, enabling new terpenes to appear through ________ and ________

Answer 32

30-100 genes
mutation and selection

Question 33

a carbocation is an ion with a _______ charged carbon

Answer 33

positively

Question 34

carbocations go though ________ reactions which affect ___________

Answer 34

rearrangement reactions
stability

Question 35

stability of carbocations achieved through ________

Answer 35

resonance

Question 36

when a carbon skeleton is rearranged, this makes it a _________ ________ of the original molecule

Answer 36

structural isomer

Question 37

terpenoids interation with water is generally:

Answer 37

hydrophobic or lipophilic

Question 38

concentration of TRI-terpene sterols in cell membranes affects membrane ________

Answer 38

fluidity

Question 39

terpenes can be recognized as hormones by specific _______

Answer 39

receptors

Question 40

a plant can have multiple forms of a hormone due to different _________ reactions

Answer 40

modification

Question 41

modification reactions help refine the effect of the _________ on the __________

Answer 41

hormone
receptor

Question 42

how terpenoids used in plants for defence

Answer 42

toxins, repellants, attracting predators

Question 43

some plants evolved counter-defense mechanisms against predators/herbivores though…

Answer 43

addition of more complex compound or modification of existing molecule

Question 44

plants adapt the use terpenoids for mutualism. explain

Answer 44

that terpenoid may be toxic to some, but selectivly identfy organisms that are beneficial to the plant