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biol 439 > insecticidal allelochemicals > Flashcards

insecticidal allelochemicals Flashcards

1
Q

allelochemicals allow for different relationships between organisms. what are they?

A

mutual benefit
competition

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2
Q

allelochemicals upregulated by

A

UV radiation
day length
stress
elicitors (microbe attack)

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3
Q

T/F: all allelochemicals are safe

A

F: most but not all

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4
Q

how plants response to insect heerbivores

A
  • tolerate assult, makes difficult for herbivore, or kill herbivore
  • antixenosis or non-preference, tolerance and antibiosis
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5
Q

plant resistance mechanisms to insect herbivores could be ______ or _______

A

constitutive or induced

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6
Q

antibiosis definition

A

deleterious impact on overall well-being of insect herbivores

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7
Q

antibiosis impacts through ______ _____ disruptions. can be ___ or ____

A

life cycle
mild or fatal

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8
Q

constitutive resistance

A

plant has INHERITED ability to defend itself

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9
Q

induced resistance

A

arises due to attack by herbivores, disease or abiotic factors.
made from individual life experience of that plant

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10
Q

constitutive and induced resistance can be direct or indirect. what does that mean?

A

direct resistance - morphological traits and secondary metabolites of plants respond to insect herbivores

indirect resistance - rely on insect’s natural enemies for protection (send pheremone signal to spider that eats insect herbivore)

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11
Q

herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) produced due to _____ _____ and lead to _____ resistance

A

insect damage
indirect resistance

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12
Q

HIPVs attract ________ to reduce the ____ _____

A

predators
plant damage

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13
Q

anti herbivore compounds are ____ metabolites and suppress _____ -______

A

secondary
insect-herbivores

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14
Q

HIPVs divided into subgroups

A

nitrogen compounds including alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, terpenoids and phenols

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15
Q

diversity of angiosperms in _____ period is associated with the increase in ______ of____

with evolution, selected processes resulted in defence against ___-____

this is co-evolution is in ______ and ______

A

Cretaceous
speciation of insects

insect herbivores

vascular plants and insects

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16
Q

insect herbivores vary in their ability to ….

this speciation drives the evolution of different ____ plants and ____ plants

A

cope with multiple plant defense mechanisms

host plants and food plants

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17
Q

plants also developed resistance mechanisms over time to…

A

reduce the damage caused by insects

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18
Q

examples of plant response to insect herbivores (primary morphological features).

what do they do?

A

thorns, spikes, wax, wall thickness, etc

they disrupt movement, feeding and reproductive success of insects

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19
Q

_____ herbivores cope with plant defense compounds better than ____ herbivores

A

specialist

generalist

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20
Q

specialist herbivores are not affected by..

how are specialist insects survive plant defenses?

A

… defense mechanisms of host plants

developed physiological adaptations

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21
Q

glucosinolates are in higher concentration of plant ______ than _____. this is why catapillars feed on the plant’s _____

A

flowers
leaves
flowers

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22
Q

specialists have a ________ to cope with the _____ ____ of the plants

A

physiological adaptation
defense mechanisms

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23
Q

T/F: only specialists can overcome digestibility reducers

A

F: specialists AND generalists can overcome digestibility reducers

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23
Q

digestibility reducers affect all insects but could be adapted by _____

A

specialists

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24
Q

_____ number of insects are immue to harmful effects of plant toxins

A

small

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25
Q

specialists sequester toxic chemicals from plant and use them to

A

protect themselves from predators

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26
Q

general mechanisms for plants of the same species to respond to herbivores are _________

A

heritable

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27
Q

_____ insects are more sensitive to plant toxins than _____ insects

A

generalist

specialists

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28
Q

which gets induced first, direct or indirect response?

A

direct response first
indirect response if no direct response

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29
Q

primary or secondary metabolites make defense shit (ex. insecticides)

A

secondary

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30
Q

infested plants have higher levels of ____ proteins compared to non-infested plants

A

defense

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31
Q

there is an insect infestation in plant. ____ defense metabolites produced first. ____ defense metabolites produced second, for example….

A

small
large, terpenoids

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32
Q

plant allelochemicals can act as

A

repellents
deterrents
growth inhibitors
mortality

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33
Q

what types of strategies did insects evolve to cope with plant toxins

A

avoidance, excretion, sequestration and degradation

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34
Q

coevolution of plant allelochemicals and insect coping strategies driven by

A

competition

35
Q

neem based toxins show ____ effects on insects

A

aversive

36
Q

terpenes from neem have stimulatory effects on ______ receptor cells in larvae

A

chemosensory

37
Q

monoterpenoids show ____ pattern and are toxic to _____

A

seasonal pattern

beetles

38
Q

neurotoxic effects on insects

A

hyperactivity, hyper-excitation, rapid knock down and immobilization

39
Q

insect herbivore stategies to cope with toxins:

A
  • use carbs to mask toxins
  • diet exposure to induce P450 production
  • diet exposure to specific secondary compounds
40
Q

types of alelochemicals as insecticides

A

SATGTP (shakir and thomas got true pizazz)

salicylic acid
alkaloids
tannins
glycosides
terpenoids
phenols

+lignin

41
Q

alkaloids: how they affect insects
taste

A

affect neurotransmission, disturb cell membrane/cytoskeleton and cause leaky cells
taste bitter to humans

42
Q

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids:
____ repellents
toxic to ____ ____ of generalist insect-herbivores
examples
induced due to
mechanism

A

feeding repellant
intestine microbes
jacobine and erucifoline
root damage
exist as N-oxide in root (safe), degrades into tertiary compound in insect gut = toxic

43
Q

nitrogen alkaloids examples

A

caffiene, morphine and nicotine

44
Q

another nitrogen alkaloid example = Theobromine
used to make ______
used in medicine for

A

caffeine
diuretics, myocardial stimulants, vasodilator, smooth muscle relaxants

45
Q

nitotine alkaloid:
effect on insect
repels ____, whereas doesn’t affect _____
physical damage of tobacco leafs releases ______

A

paralysis and death
spiders, not catapillars
green leaf volatiles (GLVs)

46
Q

nitrogen alkaloid: plants in nightshade family produce _____, a ____-toxic alkaloid and ____ stimulant. This produces _____ and stored in ____ when insects chew leaves

A

atropine
neurotoxic
cardiac
nicotine
vacuoles

47
Q

there are __#__ terpenoids

A

20,000

48
Q

terpenoids::
in the __ canals of bark ____, then distributed though roots and shoots

can mount indirect defense via attracting ______ of insect herbivores by releasing ____, which attract ______ (predators, parasites, etc)

extremely _____

A

resin, xylem
enemies , volatiles, beneficiaries
volatile

49
Q

conifers increase their concentration of ______ and ______ when attacked by infestations of insects

A

monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenes

50
Q

pyrethrins (monoterpenoid) produced by _____ plants are _____ to insects

A

chrysanthemum
neurotoxic

51
Q

the terpenoids ____ and _____ produced by mint plants. stored in ____ of the epidermis

A

menthol and menthone
trichomes

52
Q

what monoterpenoid spices are safe for humans but toxic to insects

A

mint, basil, oregano, rosemary, sage and savory

53
Q

terpenoids from orange and neem oil are biopesticides that controls what insect

A

aphids

54
Q

T/F: diterpenoids and carotenoids are made in mevalonic acid pathway in plastid organelles

A

FALSE: not made in that pathway, but are made in plastid organelles

55
Q

diterpenoid: _____ toxin inhibits ___ channels in thrips

A

romedotoxin
sodium

56
Q

the triterpenoid “limonoid” is an insect _____

A

insect deterrents

57
Q

saponins are triterpenoids that messes with what?

A

disrupts cell membrane via messing with cholestrol, which causes cell death

58
Q

phenols made in ____ pathway, has ____ properties, disrupts insect _____ system.

A

shimik acid
antiseptic
endocrine

59
Q

how do phenols affect aphids; explain mechanism

A

soluble part crosses intestine barrier and located in blood. toxic effects that cause oxidative stress.

60
Q

tannins prone to oxidization in insects under high ___ conditions, like radicals, that cause toxicity at higher concentrations

A

alkaline

61
Q

the tannins silica and lignin are found in plant ___ walls, are not ____ by insects. cause damage by…

A

cell
digestable
grinding down the mandible of insects, DNA damage

62
Q

insects developed coping strategies to tannin toxicity via…

this lead to

A

avoidaance, excretion, sequestration and degradation of tannins

co-evolution and co-diversification

63
Q

jasmonic acid and ______ acid are similar defenseive response to ___ _____ by aphids

A

salicyclic acid
sap sucking

64
Q

resistance to salicyclic acid though activity of _____ and _____ enzymes

A

NPR1
digestive enzymes

65
Q

lignin provides ____ to ____ _____ and ____ to biotic and abiotic stress

A

structure to cell walls
support

66
Q

lignin provides a ____ ____ against insect attacks. so plant tissue ____ (high lignin) reduces insect damage to plants

A

physical barrier
toughness

67
Q

glycosides converted to _____ ____, which is toxic to ____ herbivores. this is because they have bad ___, increase _____, decrease absorption of ______, delay larval ____

A

hydrogen cyanide
genearlist
smell
ROS
amino acids
development

68
Q

allomones definitions

A

effects are favorable to sender not reciever

69
Q

repellents definition

A

turn away insect

70
Q

locomotor excitants definition

A

cause hypermotility

71
Q

suppressants definition

A

reduce overall activity and impact of insect herbivores

72
Q

deterrents definition

A

prevent attacks by insect herbivores

73
Q

arrestants definition

A

prevent motility

74
Q

digestibility reducing definition

A

negativly affect nutrient uptake and use

75
Q

toxins definition

A

posionous

76
Q

parsnip webworms eat

A

furanocoumarins

77
Q

oleander aphids eat

A

jasmonic acid in milkweek

78
Q

monarch caterpillars eat

A

jasmonic acid and salysalic acid milkweed

79
Q

tobacco hornworms eat

A

food with nicotine

80
Q

larvae tradeoff explanation

A

larvae eat plants with low cardenolide levels because can use cardenolides for antipredator defense.

too much high levels of cardenolides can kill baby larvae

81
Q

there are two rose plants in waterloo and burlington. a ladybug chews on both. both rose plants release SA. is this constitutive or induced response?

A

constitutive because roses have default/inherited response mechanism

82
Q

there are two rose plants in waterloo and burlington. a ladybug chews on both. one rose plants release alkaloids, one rose plants releases jasmonic acid. is this constitutive or induced response?

A

induced because different responses from diff enviornmental influence/individual life experience of plant. (same plant, diff location, diff allelochemicals bc of diff responses)

83
Q

alkaloids have what effect on insect diet

A

cause them to stop feeding

84
Q

atropine is

A

poisionous

85
Q

deltamethrin is a

A

commercial pyrethroid

86
Q

A.indica is used as a

A

biopesticide

biol 439 (12 decks)

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