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imca d022 > Diving Medicine And First Aid > Flashcards

Diving Medicine And First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

What side of the body is Anterior?

A

Front of the body

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2
Q

What side of the body is Posterior?

A

The back

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3
Q

Directions in medicine is taken from which point of view?

A

The patients.

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4
Q

Medial means?

A

Towards the midline.

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5
Q

Lateral means?

A

Away from the midline.

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6
Q

Superior means?

A

Towards the top of the body.

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7
Q

Inferior means?

A

Towards the bottom of the body.

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8
Q

Proximal means?

A

Closer to the body.

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9
Q

Distal means

A

Further away from the body.

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10
Q

Carbon dioxide a waste product, is carried in the bloodstream as?

A

Carbonic Acid

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11
Q

When will oxygen only pass into the cell?

A

When the pressure gradient is higher in the bloodstream . Higher PPO2in the bloodstream versus the cells.

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12
Q

When will CO2 pass from the cell into the blood and then into the lungs?

A

When the PC02 is greater in the cell and greater in the bloodstream,than the gas in the alveoli.

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13
Q

If a diver breaths a pure or inert gas, what will happen?

A

The pO2 will be lower in blood and the pressure gradient will be larger in the cell. The O2 will pass from the cell to the bloodstream, collapse will happen and death shortly after.

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14
Q

What are the four body systems?

A

1) Skeletal
2) Respiratory
3) Circulatory
4) Nervous

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15
Q

How is deoxygenated blood carried back to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary Artery

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16
Q

How is oxygenated blood carried from the lungs to the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein

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17
Q

How can an Arterial Gas Embolism form?

A

If the membrane within the lungs is damaged, bubbles can enter directly into the bloodstream and make their way to the brain.

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18
Q

What condition arises if the chest wall is damaged?

A

Pneumothorax (chest fills with gas and collapses the lung)

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19
Q

What condition arises if the chest wall is damaged and bleeding takes place?

A

Haemothorax (partial/full lung collapse)

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20
Q

Approximately what percentage of gas is exhaled?

A

16%

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21
Q

How many breaths per min does the adult male take?

A

12 breaths

22
Q

What is the average tidal volume?

A

500 ml of gas

23
Q

What is the average total lung capacity?

A

6000ml of which 5000 can be moved in very deep breathing.

24
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The most gas that can be moved in heavy breathing.

25
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume left after full exhalation.

26
Q

What is Resting tidal volume?

A

The volume that is left after normal exhalation.

27
Q

During normal respiration, how much oxygen does the body use?

A

250 ml

28
Q

During exercise how much oxygen does the body use?

A

1000 ml per minute

29
Q

How much metabolic oxygen does a diver consume in saturation?

Which IMCA document is this?

A

500 ml/min

Or 30 L/hr

Or 720. L/day (0.72 m2)

IMCA D50 Min quantities of gas required offshore.

30
Q

In normal breathing how much gas remains in the dead space ( Resting tidal volume)?

A

150ml

31
Q

Name five vital signs?

A 
Pulse
Blood pressure 
Respiration 
Skin colour/temperature 
Pupil size
32
Q

Name three common conditions associated with Pulmonary Barotrauma?

A

1) Interstitial Emphysema
2) Pneumothorax
3) Arterial Gas Embolism

33
Q

How would a diver present with Emphysema?

A

Gas bubbles can be seen or felt under the skin. Usually at the base of the neck or under the arms.

May have pain behind the best bone.

Voice may be hoarse

34
Q

How would a diver present with a Pneumothorax?

A

Breathing difficulties

Pain in the chest

Uneven (Flailed) chest movements

Blood vessels in neck maybe swollen

Breathing rate may increase

🤒(If in chamber, diver must not be decompressed without medical assistance.Potential further collapsing of lungs)🫁

35
Q

How would a diver with AGE present?

A

Paralysis

Vision disturbance

Loss of balance

Convulsion/collapse

(Rapid onset, usually occurs within 5minutes of surfacing ⏱) Often fatal ☠️

Immediate pressurisation to company manual/table
No decompression without medical assistance

36
Q

What gas Law does Partial pressure relate too?

A

Henry’s Law

37
Q

What factors are present in a divers susceptibility in resulting in a DCI?

A

Time/Depth

Age

Fitness

Cold

Fatigue

Circulation

Emotional stress

38
Q

If a diver is presenting symptoms of numbness or tingling in the extremities, pain around the waist, loss of bladder control and a feeling of weakness in the legs or paralysis. What type of DCI is he experiencing?

A

Type 2 Spinal DCI

Bubble formation in spinal chord or sheath.

39
Q

If the diver is presenting symptoms of irritability to hallucinations, paralysis down one side of the body. What type of DCI could he be experiencing?

A

Type 2 Cerebral DCI

Bubbles lodged in the brain, decompress and full neurological check must be carried out. 🤒

40
Q

If a diver shows symptoms of localise pain in a muscle or joint. What type of DCI is he experiencing?

A

Type 1 Pain only DCI

Pain which occurs at point of bubble formation.

41
Q

If a diver is showing symptoms of an itchy skin and a rash, what type of DCI Is he experiencing?

A

Type 1 Skin bend

All DCI must be treated accordingly

42
Q

A diver is showing signs of loss of balance, nausea, and vertigo, ringing or roaring in the ears. What type of DCI is he experiencing?

Where does this usually happen?

A

Type 2 Vestibular DCI

Bubble formation in the inner ear.

Usually takes place when Changing from HEO2 to air (Pressure gradient,switching to a dencer gas),or deep excursions from sat.

43
Q

If a diver was to suffer from acute 02 toxicity (PPO2 excess of 1.6), affecting the brain directly. What symptoms would he present?

A

VENTID;

Vision (tunnel vision)

Ear

Nausea

Twitching (facial muscles)

Irritation

Dizziness -followed by violent conversations (fast onset)

44
Q

What does Anoxia mean?

A

A complete lack of oxygen.

Pressure gradient in lungs is reversed, oxygen passes from the bloodstream back into the lungs as the PPO2 is greater. Rapidly removing oxygen from the body.

45
Q

When does Hypoxia usually occur?

A

When PPO2 is less than 160mb/0.16 atm

In water the minimum is usually 450-600mb

46
Q

At what pressure of pN2 does nitrogen narcosis take affect, and what depth is this?

A

3.2 bar

ppN2 3.2. X 79 = 4.05 DA
—————-
100. =30 m

47
Q

What body temperature does hyperthermia start?

A

39 degs

48
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypoxia?

A

Confused

Pale blue skin

Unconsciousness

Death

49
Q

What are the symptoms of Hypercapnia?

A

Headache

Sweating

Increased respiration

Apprehension

50
Q

What are the symptoms of Hydrogen Sulphide?

A

Bad egg smell

Irritation of the eyes

Breathing difficulties

Severe headache

Unconscious/death at high levels

imca d022 (6 decks)

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