Divisions of the Mesoderm Flashcards by NAOMI BASAY

Epimere/somatic/paraxial
-______: notochord
-Paraxial: gilid

Axial

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Epimere/somatic/paraxial
-Axial: ________
-Paraxial: gilid

notochord

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Epimere/somatic/paraxial
-Axial: notochord
-________: gilid

paraxial

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Mesomere/Neck/Intermediate
-_________: gives rise to the kidneys

Nephrotome

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Mesomere/Neck/Intermediate
-Nephrotome: gives rise to the _______

kidneys

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hypomere/lateral plate
-gives rise to _______ ______

abdominal cavity

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Habang neural fold is happening: mesomere is _______

dividing

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Habang neural fold is happening: _______ is dividing

mesomere

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Splitting of hypomere: ______, _______, _______

dermatome, myotome, sclerotome

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Somite formation

created from ______ ___
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

paraxial rod

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into ______ units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

discrete

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of ______ _____
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

hairy genes

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
__________ : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

Periodicity

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as _____ _____
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

pole cells

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: _______, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

migrate

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/_______
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

anteriorly

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes _______ in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

limited

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in ______
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts ______ ____from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

split off

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the ________ part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

posterior

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: _______ and constricts
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

restricts

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and ________
-90 minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

constricts

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
__minutes
cells di nagmimigrate pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

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Somite formation

created from paraxial rod
divide into discrete units because of the expression of hairy genes
Periodicity : caused by expression of hairy genes
very interesting: starts out as pole cells
expression of the genes: migrate, cells remain, go up/anteriorly
expression becomes limited in anterior
some parts split off from the main part
expression in the posterior part: restricts and constricts
-90 minutes
cells __ ________ pataas
like a waves in the ocean: when they reach the shore, they leave something and then they go back to the ocean

di nagmimigrate

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Somite Formation __________ - caused by expression of fibronectin and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, Paraxis - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form epithelium - fibronectin forming a kind of mesenchyme around the cells - cadherins for junctions that will form between the cells

Epithelialization

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of ________ and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, Paraxis - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form epithelium - fibronectin forming a kind of mesenchyme around the cells - cadherins for junctions that will form between the cells

fibronectin

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of fibronectin and _______ which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, Paraxis - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form epithelium - fibronectin forming a kind of mesenchyme around the cells - cadherins for junctions that will form between the cells

cadherins

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of fibronectin and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the ______ _____, Paraxis - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form epithelium - fibronectin forming a kind of mesenchyme around the cells - cadherins for junctions that will form between the cells

transcription factor

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of fibronectin and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, ______ - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form epithelium - fibronectin forming a kind of mesenchyme around the cells - cadherins for junctions that will form between the cells

Paraxis

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of fibronectin and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, Paraxis - from a mass of ________: they will start to form epithelium - fibronectin forming a kind of mesenchyme around the cells - cadherins for junctions that will form between the cells

mesenchyme

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of fibronectin and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, Paraxis - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form _________ - fibronectin forming a kind of mesenchyme around the cells - cadherins for junctions that will form between the cells

epithelium

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of fibronectin and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, Paraxis - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form epithelium - ________ forming a kind of mesenchyme around the cells - cadherins for junctions that will form between the cells

fibronectin

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of fibronectin and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, Paraxis - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form epithelium - fibronectin forming a kind of _______ around the cells - cadherins for junctions that will form between the cells

mesenchyme

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of fibronectin and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, Paraxis - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form epithelium - fibronectin forming a kind of mesenchyme around the cells - ______ for junctions that will form between the cells

cadherins

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of fibronectin and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, Paraxis - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form epithelium - fibronectin forming a kind of mesenchyme around the cells - cadherins for ________ that will form between the cells

junctions

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of fibronectin and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, Paraxis - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form epithelium - fibronectin forming a kind of mesenchyme ______ the cells - cadherins for junctions that will form between the cells

around

Somite Formation Epithelialization - caused by expression of fibronectin and cadherins which may in turn be brought about by the transcription factor, Paraxis - from a mass of mesenchyme: they will start to form epithelium - fibronectin forming a kind of mesenchyme around the cells - cadherins for junctions that will form _______ the cells

between

_________ (axial specification occurs early in development; e.g. only certain somites from ribs) - somites have different fates! But as they start they all look similar - only certain somites will form vertebrae that will have ribs

Specification

Specification (____ specification occurs early in development; e.g. only certain somites from ribs) - somites have different fates! But as they start they all look similar - only certain somites will form vertebrae that will have ribs

axial

Specification (axial specification occurs _____ in development; e.g. only certain somites from ribs) - somites have different fates! But as they start they all look similar - only certain somites will form vertebrae that will have ribs

early

Specification (axial specification occurs early in development; e.g. only certain somites from ribs) - ______ have different fates! But as they start they all look similar - only certain somites will form vertebrae that will have ribs

somites

Specification (axial specification occurs early in development; e.g. only certain somites from ribs) - somites have different _____! But as they start they all look similar - only certain somites will form vertebrae that will have ribs

fates

Specification (axial specification occurs early in development; e.g. only certain somites from ribs) - somites have different fates! But as they start they all look _______ - only certain somites will form vertebrae that will have ribs

similar

Specification (axial specification occurs early in development; e.g. only certain somites from ribs) - somites have different fates! But as they start they all look similar - only certain somites will form ______ that will have ribs

vertebrae

_________ within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

Differentiation

Differentiation within somites - within the ______, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

somite

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - ______: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

myocoel

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: _______ - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

cavity

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being _______: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

epithelium

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become ________ again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

mesenchymal

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to ______ - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

migrate

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to ________ : give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

surrounding

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to ________ - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

vertebrate

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - _______ the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

surround

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the _______ _____ - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

neural tube

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - _________ somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

ventromedial

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: ________ - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

sclerotome

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - _________, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

dorsomedial

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, __________ portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

ventrolateral

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: ________ - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

myotome

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between _____: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

two

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: _______ - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

dermatome

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - _________ : gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

myotome

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to ______ - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

muscles

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form ________ muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

hypaxial

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - __________: dermis; give rise to dermis of back

dermatome

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: ______; give rise to dermis of back

dermis

Differentiation within somites - within the somite, they will differentiate - myocoel: cavity - from being epithelium: will again start to become mesenchymal again - will be ready to migrate - migrate just to surrounding: give rise to vertebrate - surround the neural tube - ventromedial somite: sclerotome - dorsomedial, ventrolateral portion: myotome - in between two: dermatome - myotome: gives rise to muscles - will form hypaxial muscles - dermatome: dermis; give rise to dermis of _____

back

Epimere/ Somites divides into: _________ - induced by Shh from notochord and expresses Pax 1 Myotome - induced by Wnt (1,3) from dorsal neural tube for epaxial muscle pathway and BMP4 and FGF from lateral plate mesoderm for hypaxial musculature

Sclerotome

_______/ Somites divides into: Sclerotome - induced by Shh from notochord and expresses Pax 1 Myotome - induced by Wnt (1,3) from dorsal neural tube for epaxial muscle pathway and BMP4 and FGF from lateral plate mesoderm for hypaxial musculature

Epimere

Epimere/ Somites divides into: Sclerotome - induced by _____ from notochord and expresses Pax 1 Myotome - induced by Wnt (1,3) from dorsal neural tube for epaxial muscle pathway and BMP4 and FGF from lateral plate mesoderm for hypaxial musculature

Shh

Epimere/ Somites divides into: Sclerotome - induced by Shh from ______ and expresses Pax 1 Myotome - induced by Wnt (1,3) from dorsal neural tube for epaxial muscle pathway and BMP4 and FGF from lateral plate mesoderm for hypaxial musculature

notochord

Epimere/ Somites divides into: Sclerotome - induced by Shh from notochord and expresses _____ _ Myotome - induced by Wnt (1,3) from dorsal neural tube for epaxial muscle pathway and BMP4 and FGF from lateral plate mesoderm for hypaxial musculature

Pax 1

Epimere/ Somites divides into: Sclerotome - induced by Shh from notochord and expresses Pax 1 _______ - induced by Wnt (1,3) from dorsal neural tube for epaxial muscle pathway and BMP4 and FGF from lateral plate mesoderm for hypaxial musculature

Myotome

Epimere/ Somites divides into: Sclerotome - induced by Shh from notochord and expresses Pax 1 Myotome - induced by ______ from dorsal neural tube for epaxial muscle pathway and BMP4 and FGF from lateral plate mesoderm for hypaxial musculature

Wnt (1,3)

Epimere/ Somites divides into: Sclerotome - induced by Shh from notochord and expresses Pax 1 Myotome - induced by Wnt (1,3) from ______ _____ _____ for epaxial muscle pathway and BMP4 and FGF from lateral plate mesoderm for hypaxial musculature

dorsal neural tube

Epimere/ Somites divides into: Sclerotome - induced by Shh from notochord and expresses Pax 1 Myotome - induced by Wnt (1,3) from dorsal neural tube for ______ _____ _______and BMP4 and FGF from lateral plate mesoderm for hypaxial musculature

epaxial muscle pathway

Epimere/ Somites divides into: Sclerotome - induced by Shh from notochord and expresses Pax 1 Myotome - induced by Wnt (1,3) from dorsal neural tube for epaxial muscle pathway and ______ and _____ from lateral plate mesoderm for hypaxial musculature

BMP4, FGF

Epimere/ Somites divides into: Sclerotome - induced by Shh from notochord and expresses Pax 1 Myotome - induced by Wnt (1,3) from dorsal neural tube for epaxial muscle pathway and BMP4 and FGF from _______ _____ mesoderm for hypaxial musculature

lateral plate

Epimere/ Somites divides into: Sclerotome - induced by Shh from notochord and expresses Pax 1 Myotome - induced by Wnt (1,3) from dorsal neural tube for epaxial muscle pathway and BMP4 and FGF from lateral plate mesoderm for _______ ________

hypaxial musculature

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) - _____ and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

genes

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and ______ as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

proteins

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as _______ of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

inducers

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - ______ produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

notochord

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces ____; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

Shh

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of _______ - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

sclerotome

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without _____ : sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

Shh

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete ______ : beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

Pax1

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of ______ to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

conversion

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to ________ - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

sclerotome

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - ______ part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

dorsal

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: ___ _ and _: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

Wnt 1 and 3

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on _______ portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

dorsomedial

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the _______ ______ - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

dorsal myotome

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - ______ part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

dorsal

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of ______ ____: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

neural tube

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete _______ __: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

neurotrophin 3

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form _______ - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

dermatome

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - ______ _ and _: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

Pax 3 and 7

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of ________ - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

dermatome

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form ________ because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

differently

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different _______ - BMP 4, FGF5: from the lateral plate

inducers

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - ______ __, FGF5: from the lateral plate

BMP 4

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, ______: from the lateral plate

FGF 5

Epimere/ Somites (cont'd) -genes and proteins as inducers of certain structures - notochord produces Shh; also has a role in the induction of sclerotome - without Shh: sclerotome will not form - start to secrete Pax1: beginning of conversion to sclerotome - dorsal part: Wnt 1 and 3: influence on dorsomedial portion of somite: becomes the dorsal myotome - dorsal part of neural tube: secrete neurotrophin 3: signals to form dermatome - Pax 3 and 7: are also important in formation of dermatome - form differently because of different inducers - BMP 4, FGF5: from the _____ plate

lateral

Development of the _______ - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

Sclerotome

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but ______ Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

segmental

Development of the Sclerotome - development is ___ ______ but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

not straight

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of _______ - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

vertebrae

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of ____ ______ expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

Hox genes

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in ____________ patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

anteroposterior

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of _____ _____ - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

vertebral column

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of _____ _____ and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

spinal ganglia

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and ______ in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

notochord

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in _______ and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

morphogenesis

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and ________ of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

segmentation

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of ______ _____ - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

vertebral column

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - ______ ______: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

spinal ganglia

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from ______ _____: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

neural crest

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that _______ to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

migrate

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the ______ ____ in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

neural tube

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - _______ ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

notochord

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ______ ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

ilalim

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng _____ ____ - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

neural tube

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - _______ of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

induction

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag _____: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

removed

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: _______ is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

segmentation

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, ______ ang vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

dikit2

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and _________: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

vertebrae

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole _____ ___ structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

solid rod

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be _______ so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

present

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - ______ ______ has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

spinal ganglia

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that ______ area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

dorsal

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be ________ - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one long rod

segmented

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the _______: ventral portion will form one long rod

notochord

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: _______ portion will form one long rod

ventral

Development of the Sclerotome - development is not straight but segmental Segmental arrangement of vertebrae - role of Hox genes expression in anteroposterior patterning of vertebral column - roles of spinal ganglia and notochord in morphogenesis and segmentation of vertebral column - spinal ganglia: from neural crest: that migrate to the neural tube in a certain pattern - notochord ay nasa ilalim ng neural tube - induction of spinal ganglia: pag removed: segmentation is removed, dikit² and vertebrae: one whole solid rod structure - spinal ganglia has to be present so that dorsal area will be segmented - if you remove the notochord: ventral portion will form one ____ ____

long rod

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of _______ - somites have given rise to sclerotome and myotome - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of spinal nerve - it induces the splitting of sclerotome into two - in such a way that the posterior portion will fuse with anterior of previous - myotome stays in place - muscles are in between

vertebrae

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of vertebrae - ______ have given rise to sclerotome and myotome - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of spinal nerve - it induces the splitting of sclerotome into two - in such a way that the posterior portion will fuse with anterior of previous - myotome stays in place - muscles are in between

somites

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of vertebrae - somites have given rise to ______ and _____ - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of spinal nerve - it induces the splitting of sclerotome into two - in such a way that the posterior portion will fuse with anterior of previous - myotome stays in place - muscles are in between

sclerotome, myotome

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of vertebrae - somites have given rise to sclerotome and myotome - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of ______ _____ - it induces the splitting of sclerotome into two - in such a way that the posterior portion will fuse with anterior of previous - myotome stays in place - muscles are in between

spinal nerve

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of vertebrae - somites have given rise to sclerotome and myotome - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of spinal nerve - it induces the ______ of sclerotome into two - in such a way that the posterior portion will fuse with anterior of previous - myotome stays in place - muscles are in between

splitting

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of vertebrae - somites have given rise to sclerotome and myotome - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of spinal nerve - it induces the splitting of ________ into two - in such a way that the posterior portion will fuse with anterior of previous - myotome stays in place - muscles are in between

sclerotome

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of vertebrae - somites have given rise to sclerotome and myotome - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of spinal nerve - it induces the splitting of sclerotome into ___ - in such a way that the posterior portion will fuse with anterior of previous - myotome stays in place - muscles are in between

two

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of vertebrae - somites have given rise to sclerotome and myotome - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of spinal nerve - it induces the splitting of sclerotome into two - in such a way that the _____ portion will fuse with anterior of previous - myotome stays in place - muscles are in between

posterior

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of vertebrae - somites have given rise to sclerotome and myotome - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of spinal nerve - it induces the splitting of sclerotome into two - in such a way that the posterior portion will ____ with anterior of previous - myotome stays in place - muscles are in between

fuse

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of vertebrae - somites have given rise to sclerotome and myotome - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of spinal nerve - it induces the splitting of sclerotome into two - in such a way that the posterior portion will fuse with ______ of previous - myotome stays in place - muscles are in between

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of vertebrae - somites have given rise to sclerotome and myotome - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of spinal nerve - it induces the splitting of sclerotome into two - in such a way that the posterior portion will fuse with anterior of previous - ______ stays in place - muscles are in between

myotome

Repatterning of sclerotome in formation of vertebrae - somites have given rise to sclerotome and myotome - however, in the course of the dev, especially in the dev of spinal nerve - it induces the splitting of sclerotome into two - in such a way that the posterior portion will fuse with anterior of previous - myotome stays in place - ______ are in between

muscles

_______ bone formation First Phase - mesenchyme (in sclerotome, limbs) is induced to secrete Pax 1 and Scleraxis: activate cartilage specific genes - transcription factors: promote transcription of other genes downstream - have to be present, genes downstream will not function without them - unless the genes function in a redundant manner

Endochondral

Endochondral bone formation _______ _____ - mesenchyme (in sclerotome, limbs) is induced to secrete Pax 1 and Scleraxis: activate cartilage specific genes - transcription factors: promote transcription of other genes downstream - have to be present, genes downstream will not function without them - unless the genes function in a redundant manner

First phase

Endochondral bone formation First Phase - _______ (in sclerotome, limbs) is induced to secrete Pax 1 and Scleraxis: activate cartilage specific genes - transcription factors: promote transcription of other genes downstream - have to be present, genes downstream will not function without them - unless the genes function in a redundant manner

mesenchyme

Endochondral bone formation First Phase - mesenchyme (in sclerotome, _____) is induced to secrete Pax 1 and Scleraxis: activate cartilage specific genes - transcription factors: promote transcription of other genes downstream - have to be present, genes downstream will not function without them - unless the genes function in a redundant manner

limbs

Endochondral bone formation First Phase - mesenchyme (in sclerotome, limbs) is induced to secrete _____ and Scleraxis: activate cartilage specific genes - transcription factors: promote transcription of other genes downstream - have to be present, genes downstream will not function without them - unless the genes function in a redundant manner

Pax 1

Endochondral bone formation First Phase - mesenchyme (in sclerotome, limbs) is induced to secrete Pax 1 and _____ : activate cartilage specific genes - transcription factors: promote transcription of other genes downstream - have to be present, genes downstream will not function without them - unless the genes function in a redundant manner

Scleraxis

Endochondral bone formation First Phase - mesenchyme (in sclerotome, limbs) is induced to secrete Pax 1 and Scleraxis: activate _____ _____ genes - transcription factors: promote transcription of other genes downstream - have to be present, genes downstream will not function without them - unless the genes function in a redundant manner

cartilage specific

Endochondral bone formation First Phase - mesenchyme (in sclerotome, limbs) is induced to secrete Pax 1 and Scleraxis: activate cartilage specific genes - ______ ______: promote transcription of other genes downstream - have to be present, genes downstream will not function without them - unless the genes function in a redundant manner

transcription factors

Endochondral bone formation First Phase - mesenchyme (in sclerotome, limbs) is induced to secrete Pax 1 and Scleraxis: activate cartilage specific genes - transcription factors: promote transcription of other genes _________ - have to be present, genes downstream will not function without them - unless the genes function in a redundant manner

downstream

Endochondral bone formation First Phase - mesenchyme (in sclerotome, limbs) is induced to secrete Pax 1 and Scleraxis: activate cartilage specific genes - transcription factors: promote transcription of other genes downstream - have to be ______, genes downstream will not function without them - unless the genes function in a redundant manner

present

Endochondral bone formation First Phase - mesenchyme (in sclerotome, limbs) is induced to secrete Pax 1 and Scleraxis: activate cartilage specific genes - transcription factors: promote transcription of other genes downstream - have to be present, genes downstream will not function without them - unless the genes function in a ________ manner

redundant

Endochondral Bone Formation ______ Phase - committed mesenchyme cells condense into compact nodules and differentiate into chondrocytes - N-cadherin - important in the initiation of these condensations, and N-CAM seems to be critical for maintaining them

Second

Endochondral Bone Formation Second Phase - ______ ______ _____ condense into compact nodules and differentiate into chondrocytes - N-cadherin - important in the initiation of these condensations, and N-CAM seems to be critical for maintaining them

committed mesenchyme cells

Endochondral Bone Formation Second Phase - committed mesenchyme cells _____ into compact nodules and differentiate into chondrocytes - N-cadherin - important in the initiation of these condensations, and N-CAM seems to be critical for maintaining them

condense

Endochondral Bone Formation Second Phase - committed mesenchyme cells condense into ______ ____and differentiate into chondrocytes - N-cadherin - important in the initiation of these condensations, and N-CAM seems to be critical for maintaining them

compact nodules

Endochondral Bone Formation Second Phase - committed mesenchyme cells condense into compact nodules and ______ into chondrocytes - N-cadherin - important in the initiation of these condensations, and N-CAM seems to be critical for maintaining them

differentiate

Endochondral Bone Formation Second Phase - committed mesenchyme cells condense into compact nodules and differentiate into ________ - N-cadherin - important in the initiation of these condensations, and N-CAM seems to be critical for maintaining them

chondrocytes

Endochondral Bone Formation Second Phase - committed mesenchyme cells condense into compact nodules and differentiate into chondrocytes - _________ - important in the initiation of these condensations, and N-CAM seems to be critical for maintaining them

N-cadherin

Endochondral Bone Formation Second Phase - committed mesenchyme cells condense into compact nodules and differentiate into chondrocytes - N-cadherin - important in the _______ of these condensations, and N-CAM seems to be critical for maintaining them

initiation

Endochondral Bone Formation Second Phase - committed mesenchyme cells condense into compact nodules and differentiate into chondrocytes - N-cadherin - important in the initiation of these ___________, and N-CAM seems to be critical for maintaining them

condensations

Endochondral Bone Formation Second Phase - committed mesenchyme cells condense into compact nodules and differentiate into chondrocytes - N-cadherin - important in the initiation of these condensations, and ______ seems to be critical for maintaining them

N-CAM

Endochondral Bone Formation Second Phase - committed mesenchyme cells condense into compact nodules and differentiate into chondrocytes - N-cadherin - important in the initiation of these condensations, and N-CAM seems to be _______ for maintaining them

critical

Endochondral Bone Formation Second Phase - committed mesenchyme cells condense into compact nodules and differentiate into chondrocytes - N-cadherin - important in the initiation of these condensations, and N-CAM seems to be critical for ______ them

maintaining

Endochondral Bone Formation _____ _____ - the chondrocytes proliferate rapidly to form the model for the bone. As they divide, chondrocytes secrete a cartilage-specific extracellular matrix.

Third Phase

Endochondral Bone Formation Third Phase - the _______ proliferate rapidly to form the model for the bone. As they divide, chondrocytes secrete a cartilage-specific extracellular matrix.

chondrocytes

Endochondral Bone Formation Third Phase - the chondrocytes _______ rapidly to form the model for the bone. As they divide, chondrocytes secrete a cartilage-specific extracellular matrix.

proliferate

Endochondral Bone Formation Third Phase - the chondrocytes proliferate rapidly to form the _____ for the bone. As they divide, chondrocytes secrete a cartilage-specific extracellular matrix.

model

Endochondral Bone Formation Third Phase - the chondrocytes proliferate rapidly to form the model for the ____ . As they divide, chondrocytes secrete a cartilage-specific extracellular matrix.

bone

Endochondral Bone Formation Third Phase - the chondrocytes proliferate rapidly to form the model for the bone. As they _____, chondrocytes secrete a cartilage-specific extracellular matrix.

divide

Endochondral Bone Formation Third Phase - the chondrocytes proliferate rapidly to form the model for the bone. As they divide, chondrocytes secrete a _______-_______ extracellular matrix

cartilage-specific

Endochondral Bone Formation Third Phase - the chondrocytes proliferate rapidly to form the model for the bone. As they divide, chondrocytes secrete a cartilage-specific ________ ________.

extracellular matrix

Endochondral Bone Formation ______ Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

Fourth

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become ______ _____ which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

hypertrophic chondrocytes

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which _____ the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

alter

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the _____ they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

matrix

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding ______ __and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

collagen X

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more ______) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

fibronectin

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that ________ _____ are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

mineralized calcium

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily ______ - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

deposited

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - ________: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

hyperthrophic

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - _______ ___ - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

collagen 10

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - ________ : part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

fibronectin

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ___ - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

ECM

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - ____ will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

two

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will ________ the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

facilitate

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for _______ of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

replacement

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of ______ by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

cartilage

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by _____ ____ - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: bone nayan

bone cells

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may ______ _____ na: bone nayan

hydroxyl apatite

Endochondral Bone Formation Fourth Phase - cells become hypertrophic chondrocytes which alter the matrix they produce (by adding collagen X and more fibronectin) so that mineralized calcium are easily deposited - hyperthrophic: lumalaki - collagen 10 - fibronectin: part of ECM - two will facilitate the deposition of mineralized calcium - for replacement of cartilage by bone cells - pag may hydroxyl apatite na: ______ nayan

bone

Endochondral Bone Formation _______ Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

Fifth

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the ________ of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

invasion

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the ______ ____ by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

cartilage model

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by _______ _____. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

blood vessels

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - ______ is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

cartilage

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an ________ tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

avascular

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - _____: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

bones

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: _______ _____: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

haversian canal

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: ______ __ with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

filled up

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with ______ ____ - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

blood vessels

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - ___ of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

end

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na _____ na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

invade

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng ______ _____ - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

blood vessels

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The _______ ________ die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

hypertrophic chondrocytes

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by _______. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

apoptosis

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. _______ in periphery encroach and deposit bone matrix

Osteoblasts

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in ________ encroach and deposit bone matrix

periphery

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery _____ and deposit bone matrix

encroach

Endochondral Bone Formation Fifth Phase - involves the invasion of the cartilage model by blood vessels. - cartilage is an avascular tissue - bones: haversian canal: filled up with blood vessels - end of cartilage: pag na invade na ng blood vessels - The hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis. Osteoblasts in periphery encroach and deposit ______ ______

bone matrix

Growth of a Long Bone - an _________ bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

endochondral

Growth of a _______ Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

Long

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - ________ bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

membrane

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into ________ phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

cartilage

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, _________ straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

differentiate

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the ______ cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

dermal

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become ________: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

hypertrophic

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes ___ - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

big

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the ______ - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

shaft

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - _______ in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

mesenchyme

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the __________ (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

perichondrium

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (________ tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

connective

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the _______) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

cartilage

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring _________ - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

osteocytes

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: _________ - branches of blood vessels that go either ends

chondrocytes

Growth of a Long Bone - an endochondral bone - membrane bone: does not pass into cartilage phase, differentiate straight from the dermal cells - become hypertrophic: becomes big - eventually fills up the shaft - mesenchyme in the perichondrium (connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage) will bring osteocytes - growth in length: chondrocytes - branches of ________ ______ that go either ends

blood vessels

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of ________ remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

cartilage

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - _______ _____: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

growth plate

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the _______ growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

continuous

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach _______: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

puberty

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to ______ - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - _______ of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

spurt

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of _____ ________ cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

sex hormones

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the ________ but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

lengthening

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the _____ ______ closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

growth plate

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - ________ by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

replaced

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa ______ lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

gilid

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so ______ sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

hollow

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for ______ ______: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

bone marrow

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: __________ tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

hematopietic

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - _____ will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

shaft

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing _____ _______ cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

bone marrow

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - _______ it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

relegate

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the ___ - blood cells will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

end

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - ______ ____ will be replaced by fat: yellow marrow

blood cells

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by ____: yellow marrow

fat

Growth of a Long Bone (cont'd) - to continue growth: a layer of cartilage remains - growth plate: for the continuous growth of bone - reach puberty: this will start to close - spurt of sex hormones cause the lengthening but it will also be the reason why the growth plate closes - replaced by bones sa gilid lang: so hollow sa gitna - place for bone marrow: hematopoietic tissues - shaft will stop producing bone marrow cells - relegate it only to the end - blood cells will be replaced by fat: ______ _______

yellow marrow

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by _____ _______ (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

growth hormone

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the ______ ______) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

anterior pituitary

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and ____ (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

IGF

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (______ ___ _______ _____ secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

insulin-like growth factor

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by ____) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

liver

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At ______ growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

puberty

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty ______ ____ is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

growth spurt

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to ____ ______ which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

sex hormones

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the ______ of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

closure

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the ______ _____ eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

growth plate

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - _______ of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

absence

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of ___ _______ (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

sex hormone

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (________): osteoporosis in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

estrogen

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): ________ in menopausal women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

osteoporosis

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in _________ women - osteoporosis: less bone material in bone structure

menopausal

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence -influenced by growth hormone (secreted from the anterior pituitary) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor secreted by liver) - At puberty growth spurt is due to sex hormones which also causes the closure of the growth plate eventually - absence of sex hormone (estrogen): osteoporosis in menopausal women - ___________: less bone material in bone structure

osteoporosis

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - _______ : maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

estrogen

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the _____ _____ of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

good health

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of ________ ______ > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

cardiovascular tissues

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of _______ > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

plaques

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in _________ the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

abeyance

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the _________ (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

osteoclasts

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone _______ ) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

resorption

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > ________ (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

osteoblasts

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby _________ ; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

osteocytes

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone ________ cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

depositing

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the __________ of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

proliferation

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of _________ - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

osteoclasts

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - di nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang ______ nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - hormone replacement therapy

androgen

The Growth Plate and Hormonal Influence (cont'd) - estrogen: maintains the good health of cardiovascular tissues > prevents formation of plaques > holds in abeyance the osteoclasts (for bone resorption) > osteoblasts (baby osteocytes; bone depositing cells) - prevents the proliferation of osteoclasts - din nangyayari sa lalaki: dahil ang androgen nila ay constantly stop osteoporosis process - _____ _______ therapy

hormone replacement

Development of ______ Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

Dermal

Development of Dermal Bones - ____________ formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

intramembranous

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - _______ __ __ and ___ from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

BMP 2, 4, and 7

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying ________ ______ induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

epidermal ectoderm

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce _____ _____ ____ of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

neural crest cells

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the ____: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

head

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of _____ ____ - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

cbfa genes

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - _________ ______ that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

transcription factor

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of _____ specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

bone

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ____ _______ - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

ECM proteins

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - __________ : sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

pleiotrophic

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang _______ - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

functions

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - ________ have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

mesenchyme

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into ____ ______ to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to center

bone cells

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ____ ______ - ossification centers: from periphery to center

ECM proteins

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ________ centers: from periphery to center

ossification

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from ________ to center

periphery

Development of Dermal Bones - intramembranous formation - BMP 2, 4, and 7 from the overlying epidermal ectoderm induce neural crest cells of the head: expression of cbfa genes - transcription factor that leads to expression of bone specific ECM proteins - pleiotrophic: sobrang dami nilang functions - mesenchyme have transformed into bone cells to start secreting ECM proteins - ossification centers: from periphery to _____

center

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - ________ > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

Neurocranium

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from ________ ________ (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

cranial somitomeres

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from _______ ____ migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

paraxial rods

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating _______ not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

anteriad

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming _______), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

somites

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), ____ _______ and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

head mesoderm

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and ______ _______ - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

neural crest

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - __________ > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

Dermatocranium

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the ______ part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

dorsal

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the ____ > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

brain

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > ______, _____, ______ and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

frontal, parietal, temporal

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of _______ plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

occipital

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - __________ > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

Chondocranium

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ______, ______, _______ parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

ventral, lateral, posterior

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related _____ _____, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

sense organs

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, _______, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

trabecular

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, _______ ____, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

trabecular horns

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, _______, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

ethmoids

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, ________ - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

parachordals

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - _________ / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

splanchnocranium

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / _________ > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

viscerocranium

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > ________ support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

skeletal

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of ________ _____ > become part of the bones of the face > endochondral also

pharyngeal arches

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the ____ > endochondral also

face

Development of Dermal Bones The origin of the bones of the skull - Neurocranium > from cranial somitomeres (from paraxial rods migrating anteriad not forming somites), head mesoderm and neural crest - Dermatocranium > covers the dorsal part of the brain > frontal, parietal, temporal and small part of occipital plates - Chondocranium > covers the ventral, lateral and posterior parts of the brain and related sense organs, trabecular, trabecular horns, ethmoids, parachordals - Splanchnocranium / viscerocranium > skeletal support of pharyngeal arches > become part of the bones of the face > __________ also

endochondral

The Myotomes - ________ --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

Dorsomedial

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> ______ - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

epaxial

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - _________ --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

ventrolateral

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> ________ - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

hypaxial

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - ______ controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

Pax 3

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls ________ and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

formation

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and ________ of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

specification

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this ________ cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

migrating

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - _______: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

Yellow

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms ______ - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

dermis

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some ________ to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

migrate

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ______ muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

ventral

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the _____ ______ - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

limb anlage

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - ______ : precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

Anlage

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: _________, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

precursor

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is an ______ that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

inducer

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - ___ : hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

HGF

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: ________ ____ ______: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

hepatocyte growth factor

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from _____ ______ - SF: scatter factor: from limb anlage also

limb anlage

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: ______ ______: from limb anlage also

scatter factor

The Myotomes - Dorsomedial --> epaxial - ventrolateral --> hypaxial - Pax3 controls formation and specification of this migrating cell population. - Yellow: forms dermis - some migrate to form ventral muscles; muscles that go to the limb anlage - Anlage: precursor, presumptive - Will not go unless there is na inducer that calls them - HGF: hepatocyte growth factor: from limb anlage - SF: scatter factor: from ______ _____ also

limb anlage

The Myotomes _____ is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

Pax3

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the _____ ________ of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

correct establishment

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the ______ _____ in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

progenitor pool

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the _____ ________. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

ventral dermomyotome

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The ______ ______ ______ _____ and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, ________ _____ ______ _____ _____(SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

Scatter Factor/ Hepatocyte Growth Factor

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ____, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

ligand

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the ___________ of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

delamination

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the _______ that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

progenitors

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to ______, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

migrate

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from ______ _______ are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

migrating progenitors

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are ______ in c-Met or SF/HGF mutant mice

absent

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in ______ or ______ mutant mice

c-Met or SF/HGF

The Myotomes Pax3 is required for the correct establishment of the progenitor pool in the ventral dermomyotome. The tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met and its ligand, scatter factor/ hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF), are essential for the delamination of the progenitors that are destined to migrate, and all muscle groups that derive from migrating progenitors are absent in c-Met or SF/HGF ______ ____

mutant mice

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long _____ cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

syncitial

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> ______ - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

myoblasts

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = ________ - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

1 muscle cell

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> _____, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

MyoD

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, _____ _, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

Myf 5

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, ______, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

myogenin

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (____ ____ ____ _) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

muscle regulatory factor 4

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most ______ - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

upstream

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be _________ - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

upregulated

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on _____ ____that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

structural genes

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific _____ of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

proteins

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already ______: so they are already determined - Have the helix loof helix motif

activated

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already _______ - Have the helix loof helix motif

determined

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber -long syncitial cell - mesenchyme --> myoblasts - 1 muscle fiber = 1 muscle cell - Once they are determined, master control/ transcription factor genes activated --> MyoD, Myf 5, myogenin, MRF 4 (muscle regulatory factor 4) - na eexpress na agad master control genes: most upstream - in order to determine a cell towards a differentiation pathway, a master control gene should be upregulated - transcription factor must act on structural genes that will make the specific proteins of a cell -even if not yet cellularly differentiated, master genes are already activated: so they are already determined - Have the _____ ____ _____ motif

helix loop helix

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already ______; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

determined

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero ____ __ external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

wala pa

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - ________ of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

upregulation

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a ______ _____ - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

transcription factor

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the _____ of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

shape

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the _______, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

myoblast

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a _____ _____ yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

muscle fiber

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, ______ pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

nagmumultiply

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya _________! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

nagdidifferentiate

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - ___s: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

FGFs

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by _______ around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

fibroblasts

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the ______ _______ - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

dividing myoblast

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher _______ of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

multiplication

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication ____, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

stops

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to ________ - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

differentiation

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will ____ end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

align

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why ______ ______ _____: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

skeletal muscle fiber

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is ______ and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

syncitial

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of ______ that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

myoblasts

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that ____ end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

fuse

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - ____ will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

nuclei

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the ____: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

side

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber _______ - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

configuration

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - _______: maintenance of muscle; muscle regulatory factor

myogenin

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of ______; muscle regulatory factor

muscle

The Myotomes Myogenesis of skeletal muscle fiber (cont'd) - mesenchyme that will be myoblast - mesenchyme is already determined; has experienced the influence of genes na - pero wala pa external differentiation - upregulation of a transcription factor - takes the shape of the myoblast, not a muscle fiber yet - dahil hindi fiber yet, nagmumultiply pa - pag ang cell ay nagpploriferate, di sya nagdidifferentiate! - FGFs: multiplication because of it; secreted by fibroblasts around the dividing myoblast - higher level of FGF: higher multiplication of myoblast - when multiplication stops, leads to differentiation - cells will align end to end - reason why skeletal muscle fiber: is syncitial and long because they come from a lot of myoblasts that fuse end to end - nuclei will be pushed to the side: typical muscle fiber configuration - myogenin: maintenance of muscle; _______ ________ factor

muscle regulatory

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a ____ _____ and transfected into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell phenotype and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during skeletal muscle formation in the mouse.

viral promoter

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and ______ into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell phenotype and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during skeletal muscle formation in the mouse.

transfected

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and transfected into ______ cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell phenotype and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during skeletal muscle formation in the mouse.

nonmuscle

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and transfected into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to _____ the original regulators of the cell phenotype and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during skeletal muscle formation in the mouse.

override

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and transfected into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell _____ and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during skeletal muscle formation in the mouse.

phenotype

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and transfected into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell _____ and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during skeletal muscle formation in the mouse.

phenotype

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and transfected into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell phenotype and convert the cells into _____. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during skeletal muscle formation in the mouse.

muscles

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and transfected into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell phenotype and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a _____ promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during skeletal muscle formation in the mouse.

strong

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and transfected into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell phenotype and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - ______ + ________: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during skeletal muscle formation in the mouse.

MyoD + viral promoter

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and transfected into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell phenotype and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the _____ family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during skeletal muscle formation in the mouse.

MyoD

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and transfected into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell phenotype and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of ______ ______ during skeletal muscle formation in the mouse.

myogenic proteins

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and transfected into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell phenotype and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during ______ ______ formation in the mouse.

skeletal muscle

The Myotomes Myogenesis of Skeletal muscle fiber Figure 1 Summary of several experiments in which the MyoD gene was activated by a viral promoter and transfected into nonmuscle cells. The MyoD protein appears to override the original regulators of the cell phenotype and convert the cells into muscles. - activated by a viral promoter: a strong promoter! - MyoD + viral promoter: override original regulators Figure 2. Muscle Commitment and Differentiation mediated by the MyoD family of transcription factors. Postulated roles of myogenic proteins during skeletal muscle formation in the ______.

mouse

Myogenesis of Skeletal Muscle (cont'd) - ______ align and fuse end to end via meltrin protein - synthesis of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) Myosin isoforms (e.g. embryonic, neonatal, and adult myosin heavy chain) > developmentally regulated > iba ibang molecules are produced depending on stage of development - also encounter this phenomenon in hemoglobin - innervation --> give it its characteristic muscle fiber type (i.e fast or slow fiber) > innervations gives it its characteristic > white vs red muscle fiber - myotubes fuse to form one myofiber

myoblasts

Myogenesis of Skeletal Muscle (cont'd) - myoblasts align and fuse end to end via ______ protein - synthesis of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) Myosin isoforms (e.g. embryonic, neonatal, and adult myosin heavy chain) > developmentally regulated > iba ibang molecules are produced depending on stage of development - also encounter this phenomenon in hemoglobin - innervation --> give it its characteristic muscle fiber type (i.e fast or slow fiber) > innervations gives it its characteristic > white vs red muscle fiber - myotubes fuse to form one myofiber

meltrin

Myogenesis of Skeletal Muscle (cont'd) - myoblasts align and fuse end to end via meltrin protein - synthesis of ______ proteins (actin and myosin) Myosin isoforms (e.g. embryonic, neonatal, and adult myosin heavy chain) > developmentally regulated > iba ibang molecules are produced depending on stage of development - also encounter this phenomenon in hemoglobin - innervation --> give it its characteristic muscle fiber type (i.e fast or slow fiber) > innervations gives it its characteristic > white vs red muscle fiber - myotubes fuse to form one myofiber

contractile

Myogenesis of Skeletal Muscle (cont'd) - myoblasts align and fuse end to end via meltrin protein - synthesis of contractile proteins (_____ and _____) Myosin isoforms (e.g. embryonic, neonatal, and adult myosin heavy chain) > developmentally regulated > iba ibang molecules are produced depending on stage of development - also encounter this phenomenon in hemoglobin - innervation --> give it its characteristic muscle fiber type (i.e fast or slow fiber) > innervations gives it its characteristic > white vs red muscle fiber - myotubes fuse to form one myofiber

actin, myosin

Myogenesis of Skeletal Muscle (cont'd) - myoblasts align and fuse end to end via meltrin protein - synthesis of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) Myosin ______ (e.g. embryonic, neonatal, and adult myosin heavy chain) > developmentally regulated > iba ibang molecules are produced depending on stage of development - also encounter this phenomenon in hemoglobin - innervation --> give it its characteristic muscle fiber type (i.e fast or slow fiber) > innervations gives it its characteristic > white vs red muscle fiber - myotubes fuse to form one myofiber

isoforms

Myogenesis of Skeletal Muscle (cont'd) - myoblasts align and fuse end to end via meltrin protein - synthesis of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) Myosin isoforms (e.g. embryonic, neonatal, and adult myosin heavy chain) > developmentally regulated > iba ibang molecules are produced depending on stage of development - also encounter this phenomenon in _______ - innervation --> give it its characteristic muscle fiber type (i.e fast or slow fiber) > innervations gives it its characteristic > white vs red muscle fiber - myotubes fuse to form one myofiber

hemoglobin

Myogenesis of Skeletal Muscle (cont'd) - myoblasts align and fuse end to end via meltrin protein - synthesis of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) Myosin isoforms (e.g. embryonic, neonatal, and adult myosin heavy chain) > developmentally regulated > iba ibang molecules are produced depending on stage of development - also encounter this phenomenon in hemoglobin - ______ --> give it its characteristic muscle fiber type (i.e fast or slow fiber) > innervations gives it its characteristic > white vs red muscle fiber - myotubes fuse to form one myofiber

innervation

Myogenesis of Skeletal Muscle (cont'd) - myoblasts align and fuse end to end via meltrin protein - synthesis of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) Myosin isoforms (e.g. embryonic, neonatal, and adult myosin heavy chain) > developmentally regulated > iba ibang molecules are produced depending on stage of development - also encounter this phenomenon in hemoglobin - innervation --> give it its characteristic muscle fiber type (i.e fast or slow fiber) > innervations gives it its characteristic > white vs red muscle fiber - myotubes fuse to form one _______

myofiber

How skeletal muscle organs are formed - formation of _______ ______ ______ - muscle masses break up into discrete units which become the primordia of individual muscles - differentiation of myotubes from myoblasts - innervation > motor innervation > sensory innervation --> formation of intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindle - unang na iinnervate ang motor - intrafusal: senses extent of stress or stretch of muscle fiber - signals from it tell the muscle fiber that there is much more load so they have to adjust accordingly: more muscle fibers will be recruited

nonspecific muscle masses

How skeletal muscle organs are formed - formation of non specific mucle masses - muscle masses break up into discrete units which become the primordia of individual muscles - differentiation of myotubes from myoblasts - innervation > motor innervation > sensory innervation --> formation of intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindle - unang na iinnervate ang motor - _______: senses extent of stress or stretch of muscle fiber - signals from it tell the muscle fiber that there is much more load so they have to adjust accordingly: more muscle fibers will be recruited

intrafusal

Factors regulating muscle development • ___________ - always a proliferator: carcinogen - stimulates proliferation - stimulates differentiation • Fibroblast growth factor - stimulates proliferation - inhibits differentiation • Transforming growth factor beta - suppresses proliferation - suppresses differentiation - negative regulator myostatin (stops muscles from growing) mutation in myostatin gene: excessive ang pagproduce ng muscles

insulin-like growth factor -1 and -2

Factors regulating muscle development • Insulin-like growth factor-1 and -2 - always a proliferator: ________ - stimulates proliferation - stimulates differentiation • Fibroblast growth factor - stimulates proliferation - inhibits differentiation • Transforming growth factor beta - suppresses proliferation - suppresses differentiation - negative regulator myostatin (stops muscles from growing) mutation in myostatin gene: excessive ang pagproduce ng muscles

carcinogen

Factors regulating muscle development • Insulin-like growth factor-1 and -2 - always a proliferator: carcinogen - stimulates proliferation - stimulates differentiation • _________ - stimulates proliferation - inhibits differentiation • Transforming growth factor beta - suppresses proliferation - suppresses differentiation - negative regulator myostatin (stops muscles from growing) mutation in myostatin gene: excessive ang pagproduce ng muscles

Fibroblast growth factor

Factors regulating muscle development • Insulin-like growth factor-1 and -2 - always a proliferator: carcinogen - stimulates proliferation - stimulates differentiation • Fibroblast growth factor - stimulates proliferation - inhibits differentiation • _________ - suppresses proliferation - suppresses differentiation - negative regulator myostatin (stops muscles from growing) mutation in myostatin gene: excessive ang pagproduce ng muscles

Transforming growth factor beta

Factors regulating muscle development • Insulin-like growth factor-1 and -2 - always a proliferator: carcinogen - stimulates proliferation - stimulates differentiation • Fibroblast growth factor - stimulates proliferation - inhibits differentiation • Transforming growth factor beta - suppresses proliferation - suppresses differentiation - negative regulator _________ (stops muscles from growing) mutation in myostatin gene: excessive ang pagproduce ng muscles

myostatin

Factors regulating muscle development (cont'd) - ________: negative regulator - cyclin dependent of kinases: promote the division of cells; positive regulators - p21, p57: tumor suppressors; myostatin through these regulators will suppress CDK - Rb: retinoblastoma; when it is phosphorylated will separate from E2F - keeps Rb in hypophosphorylated form

myostatin

Factors regulating muscle development (cont'd) - myostatin: negative regulator - __________ : promote the division of cells; positive regulators - p21, p57: tumor suppressors; myostatin through these regulators will suppress CDK - Rb: retinoblastoma; when it is phosphorylated will separate from E2F - keeps Rb in hypophosphorylated form

cyclin dependent of kinases

Factors regulating muscle development (cont'd) - myostatin: negative regulator - cyclin dependent of kinases: promote the division of cells; positive regulators - _______, ______: tumor suppressors; myostatin through these regulators will suppress CDK - Rb: retinoblastoma; when it is phosphorylated will separate from E2F - keeps Rb in hypophosphorylated form

p21, p57

Factors regulating muscle development (cont'd) - myostatin: negative regulator - cyclin dependent of kinases: promote the division of cells; positive regulators - p21, p57: tumor suppressors; myostatin through these regulators will suppress CDK - Rb: _________; when it is phosphorylated will separate from E2F - keeps Rb in hypophosphorylated form

retinoblastoma

Cardiac muscles - derived from ________ mesoderm - do not form myotubules but form intercalated discs (specialized cell membranes) - peculiarity: cells able to divide even in the presence of contractile filaments due to necessity - proliferation is not mutually exclusive from differentiation - presence of myofibrils in cytoplasm and ability to undergo pronounced contraction

splanchnic

Cardiac muscles - derived from splanchnic mesoderm - do not form myotubules but form _______ ____(specialized cell membranes) - peculiarity: cells able to divide even in the presence of contractile filaments due to necessity - proliferation is not mutually exclusive from differentiation - presence of myofibrils in cytoplasm and ability to undergo pronounced contraction

intercalated discs

Cardiac muscles - derived from splanchnic mesoderm - do not form myotubules but form intercalated discs (specialized cell membranes) - peculiarity: cells ____ __ ____ even in the presence of contractile filaments due to necessity - proliferation is not mutually exclusive from differentiation - presence of myofibrils in cytoplasm and ability to undergo pronounced contraction

able to divide

Cardiac muscles - derived from splanchnic mesoderm - do not form myotubules but form intercalated discs (specialized cell membranes) - peculiarity: cells able to divide even in the presence of contractile filaments due to necessity - proliferation is not mutually exclusive from differentiation - presence of myofibrils in cytoplasm and ability to undergo ________ ______

pronounced contraction

______ _______ - derived from splanchnic mesoderm - do not form myotubules but form intercalated discs (specialized cell membranes) - peculiarity: cells able to divide even in the presence of contractile filaments due to necessity - proliferation is not mutually exclusive from differentiation - presence of myofibrils in cytoplasm and ability to undergo pronounced contraction

cardiac muscles

The ______ ______ - intestines, stomach - those surrounding digestive system are of splanchnic mesoderm origin - those surrounding blood vessels mostly from somatic mesoderm - myogenesis in these areas are not well studied

visceral mucles

The visceral muscles - intestines, stomach - those surrounding digestive system are of ______ _______ origin - those surrounding blood vessels mostly from somatic mesoderm - myogenesis in these areas are not well studied

splanchnic mesoderm

The visceral muscles - intestines, stomach - those surrounding digestive system are of splanchnic mesoderm origin - those surrounding blood vessels mostly from _______ ______ - myogenesis in these areas are not well studied

somatic mesoderm

* Stem Cell: This is the starting point for all dermal cells. Mesenchymal stem cells can divide and become many different types of cells, including fibroblasts. * Pax7, Eya2, Six1, Dach2: These are transcription factors, which are proteins that turn genes on and off. They play a role in regulating the development of mesenchymal stem cells into dermal stem cells. * Wnt, Shh: These are signaling molecules that help to control the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. * Myogenic Precursor Cell: This is a cell that is committed to becoming a muscle cell. However, in the presence of the right signaling molecules, it can also become a dermal stem cell. * Satellite Cell: These are stem cells that are found in mature muscle tissue. They can be activated to repair muscle damage. The diagram suggests that satellite cells may also play a role in the regeneration of the dermis. * Exercise, Injury: These factors can activate satellite cells and promote dermal repair. * Pax7, MyoD, Myf5, Myogenin, MRF4: These are transcription factors that are involved in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into mature fibroblasts. * BMP, Notch: These are signaling molecules that can inhibit the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into fibroblasts.

True

Divisions of the Mesoderm Flashcards

(444 cards)