DM 1

Question 1

What is the definition of DM 1?

Answer 1

Deficiency of insulin (beta cell destruction).

If insulin is not given, fats are metabolized for energy, resulting in ketonemia (acidosis)

Question 2

What is DM 2?

Answer 2

Insulin resistance

Question 3

What are the macro vascular complications in DM?

Answer 3

• CAD
• Cardiomyopathy
• HTN
• Cerebrovascular disease
• PVD

Question 4

What are the micro vascular complications in DM?

Answer 4

• retinopathy (eyes)
• nephropathy (deterioration of kidney function)
• neuropathy (weakness, numbness, and pain from nerve damage; can result from DM, injuries, infections, and exposure to toxins)

Question 5

What are the treatments for DM 1?

Answer 5

• insulin

- monitor blood glucose levels

Question 6

What are the treatments for DM 2?

Answer 6

• diet
• weight control therapy (exercise)
• oral hypoglycemic agents (if other treatments failed to maintain satisfactory blood glucose levels

Question 7

How to treat DM pts in sick days?

Answer 7

• insulin should not be withheld during times of illness, infection, or stress because hyperglycemia and DKA can result (illness, infection, and stress can increase blood glucose levels)
• monitor blood glucose levels and test urine for ketones Q3-4hrs
• if usual meal plan cannot be followed, substitute soft foods 6-8 times a day
• consume liquids Q30-60 MIN if vomiting, diarrhea, or fever to prevent dehydration and to provide calories
• notify MD if:
  
  • vomiting, diarrhea, or fever persists
  • blood glucose >250-300 mg/dL
  • ketonuria is present more than 24 hrs

Question 8

What are the necessary teachings/education for patients with DM?

Answer 8

-always carry a fast-acting simple carbohydrate

-

Question 9

What are the s/s of hypoglycemia?

Answer 9

• diaphoresis
• hunger
• pallor
• shakiness
• confusion

Severe:

• altered LOC
• seizures
• difficulty arousing

Question 10

What are the s/s of hyperglycemia?

Answer 10

• polyuria
• polyphagia
• polydipsia

Question 11

What are the simple carbs to treat hypoglycemia?

Answer 11

• glucose tabs or gel
• 6-10 life savers or hard candy
• 4 tsp of sugar
• 4 sugar cubes
• 1 tbsp of honey or syrup
• 1/2 cup of fruit juice
• 8 oz low fat milk
• 6 saltine crackers
• 3 graham crackers