DMS-5 and ICD-11 Flashcards
(30 cards)
when would the DSM or ICD be used
after the 4 D’s
who created the ICD
world health organisation (WHO)
when did ICD-11 come into effect
2022
give 6 examples of countries that use the ICD
UK
France
Spain
Russia
Thailand
South Africa
what does the ICD contain
10 groups of mental disorders such as neurodevelopmental disorders (like autism), personality disorders (like EUPD) and dissociative disorders(like schizophrenia)
physical health problems
when was the first ICD created
1893
how many sections does the DSM have
3
what is section 1 in the DSM-5
it explains how the DSM is organised and it introduces some changes
what is section 2 in the DSM-5
it gives diagnostic criteria and codes
it covers different disorders like:
neurodevelopmental disorders
psychotic disorders and schizophrenia
depressive disorders
dissociative disorders
etc.
what is section 3 in the DSM-5
emerging measures and models- future of diagnosis
diagnostic categories that need more research before being added in section 2
section 3 enables self assessment by the patient to take place so they can give themselves a voice and assess the cultural issues
this section speaks about internet gambling disorder which is diagnosed when 5 of the following criteria are met:
- preoccupation with gaming
- withdrawal symptoms when game is taken away
- the need to spend more time gaming
- inability to reduce playing
- giving up activities to play
- continuing to game despite having a problem
- deceiving family/friends on time spent gaming
- using gaming to relieve negative moods
- risked a job, relationship due to the game
who created the DSM
american psychiatric association
when was the DSM created and why
1952
soliders came back from WW2 with PTSD and other problems so they created the DSM to classify these disorders
outline 3 similarities in the DSM and ICD
they are both diagnostic systems
they are both recognised and used by professionals
they both share similar codes for diagnosis
outline 3 differences in the DSM and ICD
ICD is made by WHO, DSM is made by the american psychiatric association
ICD is free and a digital resource, DSM is a revenue source for the APA via a book
ICD covers all health conditions, DSM only covers mental disorders
evaluate the reliability of the DSM using Regier et al (2013)
:)
DSM-5 has good reliability
the study found that diagnosis such as PTSD and autism spectrum disorder had high kappa values (above 0.6), indicating good interrater reliability
for certain disorders, its criteria are clear and consistent enough to allow different clinicians to make a diagnosis so good interrater reliability
evaluate the reliability of the DSM using Nicholls et al (2000)
DSM has shown better reliability in certain contexts, like child diagnosis
Nicholls compared DSM-4 with ICD-10 for eating disorders in children and found that the DSM had better interrater reliability
this suggests that the DSM system can be more consistent in diagnosis in children than other classification systems, especially when clinicians are well trained
evaluate the reliability of the DSM using Reiger et al (2013)
:(
Reiger found poor reliability for some DSM-5 diagnoses
major depressive disorder had a low kappa value of 0.28, indicating poor interrater reliability
showing that for some mental health conditions, DSM-5 criteria may still be vague or subjective which can lead to inconsistent diagnoses and low interrater reliability
evaluate the reliability of the DSM using Rosenhan (1973)
his study highlighted poor reliability in real clinical settings
in his experiment, healthy confederates were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnosed with schizophrenia despite showing no symptoms
this shows how unreliable psychiatric diagnoses can be in practice as the clinicians failed to accurately identify the patients weren’t mentally ill
evaluate the validity of the DSM using Andrews et al (1999)
DSM shows good validity when it agrees with other systems like ICD
Andrews found a high level of agreement (over 68%) between DSM-4 and ICD-10 diagnosis for mood and anxiety disorders
suggesting that DSM has good concurrent validity as it aligns with another well established system, which increases the confidence in its accuracy
evaluate the validity of the DSM using Reiger et al (2013)
DSM-5 shows good construct validity for some mental disorders
Reiger found that disorders like PTSD had clear and distinct symptom clusters making them easier to identify accurately using DSM-5 criteria
this supports the idea that DSM-5 effectively defines and measures the mental health conditions it aims to diagnose, improving diagnostic validity
evaluate the validity of the DSM using Rosenhan (1973)
his study showed poor predictive validity of psychiatric diagnoses
pseudo patients were admitted and labelled with schizophrenia based on 1 fake symptom (hearing voices) despite behaving normally afterwards
evaluate the validity of the DSM using Kirk and Kutchins (1992)
DSM-5 lacks cultural validity which affects its overall accuracy
they criticised earlier DSM versions for being developed in a western context and not accounting for cultural differences in mental health presentation
meaning that DSM-5 may mislabel or miss symptoms in non western populations which reduces the validity as a global diagnostic tool
evaluate the reliability of the ICD using Kogan et al (2022)
Kogan found good reliability for ICD-11 diagnosis
the study tested clinicians from multiple countries using ICD-11 and found high interrater reliability for disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar
suggesting that ICD is consistent across different clinicians and cultures which shows the good reliability in diagnosing serious mental health disorders globally
evaluate the reliability of the ICD using Keeley et al (2016)
Keeley supported the reliability of ICD
in WHO led field trials, the ICD showed strong interrater reliability in diagnosing common mental disorders across different countries and languages
this demonstrated that the ICD is reliable even in diverse clinical settings which is essential for a global classification system
