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DNA Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms.

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2
Q

DNA profile

A

A bar code pattern from DNA unique to each organism

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3
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Weak bond between nitrogenous bases in DNA molecule

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4
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Openings in nuclear membrane that allow mRNA to leave nucleas.

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5
Q

Peptide bond

A

Name of bond that forms between amino acids in protein molecule

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6
Q

Replication

A

Process by which DNA molecule makes identical copies of itself

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7
Q

Ribose

A

Type of sugar found in an RNA molecule

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8
Q

Transcription

A

Stage of protein synthesis during which mRNA forms from DNA

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9
Q

Translation

A

Stage of protein synthesis during which tRNA interprets the message on the mRNA to form a specific protein

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10
Q

tRNA/transfer RNA

A

Type of nucleic acid that carries a specific amino acid

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11
Q

Uracil

A

Nitrogenous base found only in RNA molecules

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12
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A sugar molecule found in a nucleotide of DNA

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13
Q

Function of DNA

A

Stores an organisms genetic info
Controls the production of proteins.

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14
Q

Where DNA is located

A

Cell nucleas (nuclear DNA)
Mitochondrion (mitochondrial DNA /mtDNA)
Chloroplast (Chloroplastic DNA)

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15
Q

DNA structure (nucleotide)

A

Deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate

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16
Q

Nitrogenous bases & types

A

Divided into 2 groups which are pyramidines (thymine & cytosine) & purines (adenine & guanine)

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17
Q

Why does a purine not bond with purine & pyramidine not bond with a pyramidine

A

Only a pyramidine & purine pairing has width consistent with DNA
Purine+purine is too wide
Pyramidine+pyramidine is too narrow

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18
Q

Shape of dna

A

Double helix

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19
Q

DNA supercoiling

A

Refers to the over & under winding of strands.
Important for DNA packaging within all cells & reduces the space & allows for much more DNA to be packaged.

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20
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

When a specific pyramidine base bonds with a specific purine base

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21
Q

Why DNA is called a polymer

A

It is made up of many nucleotides bonded together

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22
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building blocks/monomers of nucleic acids

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23
Q

DNA & RNA difference

Study These Flashcards
A

RNA has : uracil
DNA has: thymine instead
RNA has: ribose sugar
DNA has: deoxyribose
RNA has a single stranded molecule
DNA has a double stranded molecule

24
Q

Polynucleotide

Study These Flashcards
A

A very long molecule made up of a string of repeating nucleotides

25
Rung
Complementary bases joined together in a nucleotide
26
Non coding DNA
DNA that does not code for the production of proteins (some regions of DNA between genes of chromosome do not code)
27
Chromosome
A threadlike molecule of DNA made up of many gened
28
3 DNA Replication purposes
Produce another molecule that is exactly the same Keep genetic info. constant as it passes down to next generation Daughter cells to have same no. of chromosomes & genetically identical chromosomes
29
What happens when cells are genetically different
They don't work together because they do not recognize each other as being part of same organism
30
Mutation
When nitrogenous bases are paired incorrectly : 1. Enzymes proof read molecule to double check if NB are paired correctly 2. Nucleotide is removed & replaced with correct one
31
DNA replication process
1) An enzyme cause DNA molecule to unwind 2) The enzyme (polymerase) breaks weak complementary hydrogen bonds cause DNA to unzip 3) each original DNA strand acts as a template 4) Free floating nucleotides containing NB attaches itself to template strands (A-T, C-G). 5) Free DNA nucleotides are lined up and join to form a new polynucleotide chain. 6) Results in 2 identical DNA molecules
32
DNA profile
Procedure used to identify an individuals unique DNA pattern
33
What can DNA profile be used for
To determine paternity +maternity Identify dead people Identify organ donors Solve crimes
34
Reliability of DNA profiling
Each individual has unique DNA profile unless they have an identical twin
35
Which sources can DNA be derived from
Semen Blood Hair root Skin Saliva
36
Why DNA profiling evidence may be unreliable
Only small Amt of samples available Human error: collecting/processing samples Planting false evidence
37
Franklin Rosalind role in discovery of dna
Was working on xray diffraction patterns on dna to see what the xray diffraction patterns of DNA would look like
38
Wilkens role in DNA history
Partner of Franklin who gave her unpublished photographs & measurements to James Watson & Francis crick.
39
James Watson & Francis crick role in DNA history
Used unpublished photographs & measurements by Franklin to workout correct structure or DNA They deduced that it was a double helix, the width of DNA, space between NB & discovered bonds between bases. A-T had 2 bonds & C - G had 3 bonds
40
Who was awarded Nobel prize
Watson, Crick and Wilkens were handed Nobel prize in 1962 but Franklin had already died in 1958
41
Uses of DNA replication in biotechnology
Cloning cells in tissue culture DNA profiling Paternity & maternity testing Gene splicing Genetic counseling
42
Protein Synthesis importance
Building blocks of cells Control chemical reactions Form antibodies Transport material to & from cells
43
What process attaches amino acids
Dehydration synthesis (One amino acid is attached to another & some water is released) Peptide bonds
44
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA
45
mRNA
Carries instructions from DNA I'm nucleas to ribosome
46
rRNA
Combines with proteins to form ribosome (protein made here)
47
tRNA
Transfers amino acid to ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in the mRNA during construction of protein l
48
Codon
Set of 3 adjacent nucleotides (in dna/mRNA) that designates a specific amino acid to be included into a polypeptide
49
Protein Synthesis
Process during which proteins are made beginning in nucleas and ending in ribosome.
50
Stages of protein synthesis
1) Transcription 2) Translation
51
Transcription
Process that takes place in nucleas where DNA provides code to make mRNA
52
Translation
Process in cytoplasm where RNA results in production of protein
53
Process of Protein Synthesis
1 Enzymes control process 2 Double helix unwinds 3 Weak HB break, strands unzip at required gene (from start to stop codon for gene) 4 One strand acts as template for formation of mRNA 5 Free RNA nucleotides from nucleoplasm attach to complementary bases on dna forming mRNA 6 mRNA moves out of nucleas
54
tRNA role in translation
Picks up specific free amino acids which aren't coded for from cytoplasm Carries the amino acids to ribosome TRNA attaches itself TO mRNA in complementary manner uses nitrogenous bases an template on ribosome Amino acid bones together with Peptide bond to form protein molecule tRNA detaches from mRNA & can be used to bring more amino acids to ribosome
55
Protein molecule
Amino acids bonded together with Peptide bond producing polypeptide chain until last amino acid is bonded

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