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Reproduction In Humans Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction that occurs with use of gametes

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2
Q

Puberty

A

Period during which sexual maturity occurs

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3
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Process where gametes are produced from germinal epithelium of male & female gonads

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4
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Process where spermatozoa are produced from germinal epithelial of testes

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5
Q

Oogenesis

A

Process where ova are produced from germinal epithelium of ovary

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6
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Changes that occur in ovary & uterus of a female over a period of 28 days

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7
Q

Ovulation

A

Process where ovum is released from Grafiaan follicle of ovary

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8
Q

Uterine cycle

A

Changes that occur in walls of uterus as it thickens until menstruation occurs

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9
Q

Oestregen

A

Hormone secreted by Grafiaan follicle & is responsible for thickening of endometrium

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10
Q

Endometrium

A

Lining of uterus

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11
Q

Menstruation

A

Discharge of blood & other material from lining of uterus at intervals of about one month

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12
Q

Gestation period

A

(pregnancy)
Period where Embryo develops in uterus until baby is born

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13
Q

Foetus

A

Name given to Embryo when it reaches 12 weeks

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14
Q

Chorion

A

Outermost membrane around foetus

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15
Q

Amnion

A

Membrane found inside chorion

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16
Q

How does Puberty in males & females begin

A

When GnRH stimulates the anterior pituary gland to secrete :
FSH
LH
Secondary sexual characteristics

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17
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone in males

A

Stimulates testes to produce sperm

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18
Q

Luteinising Hormone in males

A

Stimulates testes to produce testosterone

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19
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics caused by testosterone

A

Development of muscles & broad shoulders, public hair, beard, deep voice, larger testes & penis
Development & functioning of prostate gland, seminal vesicles & cowpers gland

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20
Q

FSH in females

A

Stimulates a follicle in ovary to develop & secrete oestregen

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21
Q

LH in females

A

Stimulates development of corpus luteum in ovary to secret progesterone

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22
Q

Secondary characteristics in females

A

Growth of public hair, breasts
Onset of menstruation

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23
Q

What is the male reproductive system made of

A

Tubes
Glands
Organs

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24
Q

Scrotum.

A

Sac that holds testes

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25
Testes
Male reproductive organ that produce sperm cells
26
Epididymis
Tube where spermatozoa mature
27
Prostate gland
Where ejaculatory duct passes through & meets urethra & produces & releases highly alkaline mucus secretion
28
Vas deferens
Sperm duct that stores sperm for a few hours to 42 days And carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory ducts
29
Seminal vesicles
Secretes a slightly alkaline mucus which serves as food source for sperm as it contains fructose
30
Cowpers gland
Secretes an alkaline secretion that cleanses urethra & lubricates penis
31
Urethra
Tube that carries ejaculate out of body
32
Penis
External organ made up of spongy tissue that delivers sperm into females body
33
Testes
Male gonads that lie outside abdominal cavity
34
Seminiferous tubules
Small tubules lined by germinal epithelium responsible for production of spermatozoa
35
Cells of Sertoli
Specialized cells rich in glycogen found in seminiferous tubules
36
Glycogen purpose in Cells of Sertoli
Form of glucose to provide nutrients for energy for sperm to swim
37
Interstitial /leydig cells
Found between seminiferous tubules to secrete testosterone
38
Function of epididymis
Stores sperm for 2-3 months
39
Ejaculatory duct
Carries sperm & secretions of glands /semen
40
Urethra
Tube that transports sement and urine
41
Accessory organs & purpose
Cowpers gland Seminal vesicles Prostate glands Pour their secretions into vas deferens & ejaculatory ducts
42
Function of semen
Promotes movement of sperm by helping them swim vigorously Provides sperm with nutrients to keep them alive
43
Function of sperm tail
Swim towards ovum
44
Function of nucleas in sperm
Carries genetic info. from males to fuse with ovum nucleas to produce offspring
45
Function of mitochondria
Releases energy for tail to move
46
Function of acrosome
Releases energy to penetrate ovum
47
Sterilization
An operation which prevents conception permanently
48
Vasectomy
Sterilization of a man
49
Why testes are found outside abdominal cavity
Maintain temperature of testes at 35 degrees Celsius to ensure production of sperm cells can occur
50
Ovary
Female gonads responsible for production of ova, oestregen & progesterone
51
Germinal epithelium in females
Lines ovary & produces follicles that secrete oestrogen & progesterone
52
Fallopian tubes & significance
Tubes that transport the ovum from the ovary to uterus Pathway for sperms to reach ovum Fertilisation occurs Has cilia & muscular to love ovum to uterus
53
Uterus functions
Embryo attaches /becomes implanted to uterus lining Embryo develops inside it Muscles for contraction during birth
54
Cervix functions
Allow menstrual blood to flow into the vagina Direct the path of sperm into uterus for fertilisation Becomes blocked by mucus when pregnant to avoid infections
55
Vagina function
Penis is inserted to deposit sperm Passageway for menstrual blood Serves as birth canal
56
What does the anterior pituary gland in males release
FSH LH
57
Where is Gonodotropin releasing hormone released
Hypothalamus to stimulate pituary gland
58
Interstitial /Leydig cells in males role
Releases testosterone which stimulates spermatogenesis associated with sex drive & ssc
59
Sertoli cells significance
Releases inhibin which feeds developing sperm cells Also slows FSH & LH if required
60
Menstrual Cycle cycles
Ovarian cycle (leading to production of ova in ovary) Uterine cycle (prepares lining of uterus to receive fertilised egg in uterus)
61
Follicular phase
1. FSH released 2. Primary follicle develops for about 10 days into graafian follicle 3. Follicle produces oestregen 4. Oestregen thickens endometrium
62
Days of Menstrual cycle changes
1-4: menstruation 4- 14: follicular phase 14: ovulation 15-28: luteal phase
63
Luteal phase
Day 15-16: corpus luteum formed, progesterone peak & oestregen Endometrium increase to receive fertilised egg cell Day 23-28: Unfertised ovum results in shrinking corpus luteum, progesterone stop
64
What happens during day 23-28 when ovum has been fertilized
Corpus luteum remains active Progesterone still secreted Follicles no longer develop in ovaries Menstrual Cycle stops & menstruation doesn't begin
65
Copulation
Sperms deposited into vagina through sexual intercourse
66
How is it possible for only one sperm to penetrate ovum
A fertilisation membrane forms around ovum acting as a barrier soon after sperm enters
67
Steps to fertilisation
Copulation Sperm penetrates ovum Ovum releases fertilisation membrane Neck & tail of sperm break of Sperm nucleas enters Ovums nucleas
68
How does the egg travel when released from ovary
1. Egg released 2. Egg picked up by funnel of oviduct 3. Eggmoved along oviduct by cilia 4. Sperm fertilizes egg
69
How is the uterine wall structurally developed for its function
Thick Vascular Glandular For implantation
70
Role of oestrogen and progesterone in implantation
Oestregen ensures endometrium is thickened Progesterone ensures pregnancy is maintained by ensuring Embryo remains attached to uterine wall
71
Formation of embryo
1. Sperm & Ovum 2. Fertilisation forms zygote 3. 2 cell stage 4. 4 cell stage 5. Morula 6. Blastula 7. Gastrula 8. Blastocyst 9. Embryo
72
Implantation
Embryo attaches to wall of uterus
73
Development of embryo within time frame
14 days after fertilization: Small about 1mm 2. 4 weeks old: cor shaped 5 mm, formation begins 3. 12 weeks: resembles human 75 mm foetus
74
Placenta
Life support machine of developing Embryo providing : Oxygen & food Removing toxic materials & CO2
75
How placenta is structurally developed for function
Many villi: Stick into blood spaces of uterus wall Mothers blood circulates through these.
76
Role of placenta
Attaches foetus to mother Allows for diffusion of dissolved food & oxygen to foetus Allows for diffusion of nitrogenous waste & CO2 from foetus to mother Secretes own progesterone after 12 weeks
77
Umbilical cord significance
Attaches placenta to Embryoand has vessels: Umbilical artery (urea & CO2 from foetus) Umbilical vein (glucose, H2O, slats, amino acids, vitamins, fatty acids & glycerol)
78
How does blood of mother not make direct contact with foetus
Blood separated by walls of chronic villi which extended into maternal sinuses(blood filled spaces).
79
Amniotic fluid funtion
Shock absorber for mechanical injury Maintains temp range Allows free movement
80
Umbilical cord vessels
1 artery: carries blood with less oxygen and nitrogenous waste from foetus to placenta 2. Vein carries blood in oxygen & food to foetus

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