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Final Exam Bio1 > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotide

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2
Q

Where is located nucleic acid in the eukaryotes?

A

In the nucleus, organelles

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3
Q

Where is located the nucleic acid in prokaryotes?

A

Not enclosed in a membranous enveloppe

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4
Q

How DNA forms chromatin?

A

Forms a complex with histone proteins

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5
Q

How does DNA controls all the cellular activity?

A

By turning «on» and «off» genes

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6
Q

Of what nucleotides are made?

A

-nitrogenous base
-pentose sugar
-phosphate group

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7
Q

What is DNA backbone?

A

Sugar and phosphate lying on the outside of the helix

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8
Q

Helix strands run it what direction?

A

Opposite

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9
Q

What is anti parallel orientation?

A

5’ carbon end of one strand will face 3’ carbon end of its matching strand

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10
Q

What is the basic of base complementary rule?

A

A pairs with T
G pairs with C

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11
Q

How many base pairs are present per turn of the helix?

A

10

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12
Q

How pairs binds to each others?

A

By hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

What is the major difference between RNA and DNA?

A

-RNA is single-stranded
-mostly involved in protein synthesis
-Less stable than DNA
-Ribose sugar
-Involved in gene expression

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14
Q

How ribonucleotides are linked?

A

By phosphodiester bonds

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15
Q

What is the pentose sugar used in RNA?

A

Ribose

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16
Q

Which base is absent in RNA that is present in DNA?

A

T replaced by U

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17
Q

RNA based sequence is complementary to what?

A

DNA’s coding sequence from which it has been copied

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18
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

Read in sets of three bases (codons)
*each codons codes for a specific amino acid

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19
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

-Ensure proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes
-Catalyse peptide bond formation between two aligned amino acids

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20
Q

What are examples of purines?

A

-Adenine (A)
-Guanine (G)

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21
Q

What are examples of pyrimidine?

A

-Cytosine (C)
-Thymine (T)

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22
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

A base attached to a five-carbon sugar

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23
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between cytosine and guanine?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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25
Why DNA is negatively charged?
Because of its phosphate group
26
What contains heterochromatins?
Genes not expressed — found in the centromere and telomeres
27
What is the packing DNA strategy in Prokaryotes?
Supercoilling
28
In DNA synthesis, how phosphodiester bond are formed?
By déshydratation synthesis
29
What is the role of DNA polymerase?
Adds nucleotides one-by-one to the growing DNA chain
30
What happens when the bonds between phosphate are broken?
Energy is released — use to form phosphodiester bonds between the incoming nucleotide and the growing chain
31
What is the function of DNA pol I?
Replaces RNA primer with DNA
32
What is the function of DNA pol II?
Repairs mis-matched bases
33
What is the function of DNA pol III?
Adds nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction
34
In prokaryoties does it have multiple origin of replication?
No
35
What is the function of helicase?
To unwind the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous base pairs
36
What is require for the process of replication?
ATP hydrolysis
37
What is the replication forks?
Y-shaped structures that forms when DNA opens up — get extend bi-directionally as replications proceeeds
38
Where are located replisome?
In the middle of each replication forks
39
What is the function of replisome?
To unzips old DNA and synthesize new DNA
40
What is the function of single-strand binding proteins?
-Coat the single strands of DNA near the replication fork to prevent the single-stranded DNA from winding back into a double helix -Protects the hydrophobic base from exposure to water
41
What is the major restrictions for DNA polymerase?
-only able to add nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction
42
What is the function of the primer?
Provides freee 3’-OH end so it can create a phosphodiester bond with the 5’ phosphate of the next nucleotide
43
What is the function of RNA primase?
-Synthesizes an RNA segment that is about 5 to 10 nucleotides and complementary to the template DNA -make RNA primer for DNA pol III to stick onto
44
What is the function of topoisomerase?
Counteracts the helicase rotation
45
What is special about the lagging strand?
Contains Okazaki fragments
46
What is the specificity of the Okazaki fragments?
Require new primer for each of the short fragments to start synthesizes
47
What is the direction of the lagging strand?
3’ to 5’
48
What is the function of ligase?
Seals the gap between Okazaki fragments to create one continuous DNA strand *catalyses the formation of phosphodiester linkage
49
Enumerate the 10 main steps of DNA replication
1-DNA unwinds at the origin of replication 2-Helicase opens up the DNA forming replication forks 3-Single strand biding protein coat the DNA around the replication fork 4-Topoisomerase binds at the region ahead of the replication fork 5-Primase synthesize RNA primers complementary to the DNA 6-DNA pol III starts adding nucleotides to the 3’-OH end 7-Elongation of both lagging and leading strand 8-RNA primers are removed 9-Gaps are filled by DNA pol I adding dNTP’s 10-Gaps between the two fragments is sealed by ligase
50
What is the main difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic replication?
Eukaryotic = *more complicated and slower *different polymerase enzymes *multiples origins of replication *linear chromosomes
51
What opens the DNA helix?
Helicase that uses ATP hydrolysis
52
What is the function of the sliding clamp protein?
Holds the DNA pol in place so that it does not slide off the DNA
53
What is the problem that the lagging strand encounters in eukaryotes replication?
When the end of the chromosome is reached there is no way to replace the primer on the 5’ end
54
What is telomeres?
Comprise repetitive sequence that code for no particular gene *Can be added to the ends of chromosomes
55
What is the function of telomerase enzyme?
Attaches telomeres to the end of the chromosomes so the DNA polymerase can add nucleotides complementary to the ends of chromosomes
56
Telomere shorting is associated with what?
Aging
57
What is the function of telomerase?
Extends the leading strand at telomere with DNA using RNA primer as a template for reverse transcription
58
What explains that chromosomes gets shorter with each cell division when aging?
Because telomerase becomes less active in adults
59
How SANGER sequencing is based DNA replication?
Since it uses template, primer, DNA polymerase and Chain termination **Uses ddNTPs (lack 3’-OH)
60
What is the ultimate goal of PCR?
Amplify specific DNA regions
61
How DNA replication is the basis for PCR techniques?
Since it also requires a DNA polymerase enzyme that makes new strands of DNA

Final Exam Bio1 (5 decks)

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