Genetics

Question 1

What is a mono hybrid cross?

Answer 1

A cross between individuals that only differ one characteristic

Question 2

What is a pedigree analysis?

Answer 2

Study of the inheritance pattern of human genetic diseases

Question 3

What is a dihybrid cross?

Answer 3

Cross between 2 individuals that express different trait from 2 characteristics

Question 4

What states the law of segregation?

Answer 4

Paired unit factors must be segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either factor

Question 5

What states the law of indépendant assortment?

Answer 5

Genes do not influence each other regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes such that

Question 6

What is epistasis?

Answer 6

When two genes interact with each other
*Phenotypic of one gene affects that of another

Question 7

What is pleiotropy?

Answer 7

When one gene is able to affect multiple phenotypic characters (*1 genes = lots of effect)

Question 8

What is polygenic (continuous variation)?

Answer 8

Many genes interact with each other and also with the environment for one trait
*A single phenotypic character is affected by two or more genes

Question 9

What is the principle of multiple alleles?

Answer 9

Gene can have multiple version (*«dosage» of genes)

Question 10

What is codominance?

Answer 10

When BOTH alleles are equally expressed and simultaneously expressed
*both phenotypes expressed in heterozygous

Question 11

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 11

A combination of two alleles that creates a new phenotype

Question 12

What is complete dominance?

Answer 12

Condition where the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele

Question 13

What is complete dominance?

Answer 13

Condition where the dominant allele completely masks the effect of the recessive allele

Question 14

What is aneuploidy and how it rise to genetic variation?

Answer 14

Genetic disorder where the total number of chromosomes doesn’t equal 46
Rise to variation since it inherit differences between generations

Question 15

Most of the time, what is the cause of genetic conditions?

Answer 15

Caused by recessive alleles that become non-functional

Question 16

Does genetic conditions can be caused by dominant genes?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

What is the ultimate goal of the test cross?

Answer 17

To distinguish the Dominant phenotype

Question 18

What is a X-linked?

Answer 18

Gene only present on the X chromosome

Question 19

Why recessive X-linked traits are more frequent in males?

Answer 19

Cause they only need to express on their only X allele to represent this traits

Question 20

What are sec-linked traits?

Answer 20

Gene that are located on a sex chromosome

Question 21

What is linkage?

Answer 21

Genes that re close together not often get seperated during crossover — they are linked

Question 22

When genes are never linked, what does it means?

Answer 22

That they are far apart

Question 23

What is the difference between sex linkage and linkage?

Answer 23

Sex linkage is when a gene is located on sex chromosome while linkage is when autosome gene are close together

Question 24

What is the default development pattern in human?

Answer 24

Female

Question 25

What are Barr bodies?

Answer 25

*Only one X chromosome is necessary for normal development* When an X chromosome is inactivated in female they are visible as barr body

Question 26

What is DNA methylation?

Answer 26

When we add a methyl group onto the inactivated X chromosome so it is prevented from transcribing

Question 27

What is the principle of non-junction?

Answer 27

Chromosome can end up in the wrong cell during meiosis — gamete with an extra chromosome

Question 28

What is the effect of having an extra X or Y chromosome?

Answer 28

Little effect only can reduce fertility

Question 29

What is the main cause of chromosome abnormalities?

Answer 29

Mistake during meiosis (ex: inversion — chromosome are not properly aligned)

Question 30

Why being heterozygous is the best?

Answer 30

Since it reduces the chance of the offsprings to inherit two copies of the recessive allele so reduce the chance of genetic disease

Question 31

What are microsatellites?

Answer 31

A region of DNA with many STRs

Question 32

What are two possible ways to fix genetic diseases?

Answer 32

1-genetic engineering 2-gene editing

Question 33

What is the main function of microsatellites in real life?

Answer 33

Distinguish one person DNA from another persons DNA

Question 34

What is the main function of CRISPR/CAS9?

Answer 34

To target and cut up the viral DNA taking it into our genome so we can recognize the virus if it reinfects

Question 35

What are the 5 main steps of CRISPR?

Answer 35

1-Taking part of their viral DNA into their genome 2-Use this sequence to make matching RNA sequence 3-Target viral DNA + attach nuclear 4-cuts out the viral DNA 5-Cut DNA is then repaired

Question 36

Why gene editing is a way to solve genetic disease?

Answer 36

Since we can cut mutated alleles and replace them with normal alleles

Question 37

What are the two ways CRISPR can be used?

Answer 37

1-Cas9 cuts DNA and a new sequence is inserted 2-Cas9 DONT cut the DNA — it attaches to a repressor, activator or marker