DNA

Question 1

The scientist who first identified bacterial transformation in 1928.

Answer 1

Frederick Griffith

Question 2

The scientist(s) who confirmed that DNA is the genetic material of bacteria in 1944

Answer 2

Oswalf Avery, Colin Macleod, Maclyn McCarty

Question 3

The scientist(s) who demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material of
bacteriophages in 1952.

Answer 3

Hershey & Chase

Question 4

The three components of a nucleotide.

Answer 4

Phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

Question 5

The rule that states A pairs with T and G pairs with C in DNA.

Answer 5

Chargaff’s Rule

Question 6

The structural form of DNA that is most common in cells.

Answer 6

B-DNA

Question 7

The nitrogenous base found in RNA but not in DNA

Answer 7

Uracil (U)

Question 8

The enzyme responsible for unzipping the DNA helix during replication.

Answer 8

Helicase

Question 9

The sugar found in DNA.

Answer 9

Deoxyribose

Question 10

The process by which DNA is copied into RNA.

Answer 10

Transcription

Question 11

The type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

Answer 11

TRNA

Question 12

The cellular structure where DNA is primarily found in eukaryotes.

Answer 12

Nucleus

Question 13

The process by which DNA strands separate due to heat or chemical agents.

Answer 13

denaturation

Question 14

The enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments during DNA replication.

Answer 14

dna ligase

Question 15

The left-handed helical form of DNA.

Answer 15

Z-DNA

Question 16

(T OR F ) DNA is composed of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate, sugar, and
nitrogenous base.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

(T OR F) In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

(T OR F) The two strands of DNA run parallel to each other.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

(T OR F) DNA replication follows a semi-conservative model.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

(T OR F) A higher GC content in DNA leads to a higher melting temperature (Tm).

Answer 20

True

Question 21

(T OR F) Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce insulin, monoclonal antibodies,
and vaccines.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

(T OR F) Histones help in packaging DNA into chromatin.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

(T OR F) DNA denaturation can be caused by heat, pH changes, or chemical agents.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

(T OR F) H-DNA is a triple-helix structure found in certain gene regulatory regions.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

(T OR F) Slipped DNA structures are commonly associated with trinucleotide repeat disorders.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

(T OR F) The TATA box is a type of silencer in gene regulation.

Answer 26

False

Question 27

(T OR F) The sugar in RNA is ribose, while in DNA it is deoxyribose.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

(T OR F) Supercoiling of DNA is regulated by topoisomerases.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

(T OR F) DNA renaturation is also known as annealing.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

(T OR F) A triplex DNA structure is common in regulatory regions of certain genes.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Four nitrogenous bases in DNA:

Answer 31

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

Question 32

Steps of recombinant DNA technology:

Answer 32

○ Isolation of DNA ○ Cutting with restriction enzymes ○ Insertion into a vector ○ Transformation into host cells ○ Gene expression & protein production ○ Extraction & purification

Question 33

Causes of DNA denaturation:

Answer 33

○ Heat ○ pH changes ○ Chemical agents ○ Mechanical forces

Question 34

4 Types of slipped structures in DNA:

Answer 34

Hairpin loops Cruciform Structure Triplex DNA Quadruplex DNA

Question 35

Four levels of DNA structure:

Answer 35

Primary (Nucleotide Sequence) Secondary (Double Helix Formation) Tertiary(Supercoiling & Chromatin structure) Quarternary(Interaction with proteins like histones)

Question 36

A DNA structure where a single strand folds back on itself, forming a loop.

Answer 36

Hairpin Loop

Question 37

A DNA structure found in palindromic sequences, forming a cross shape.

Answer 37

Cruciform DNA

Question 38

A DNA structure formed by three strands instead of two.

Answer 38

Triplex DNA (H-DNA)

Question 39

A DNA structure with four strands, commonly seen in G-rich regions.

Answer 39

G-Quadruplex DNA

Question 40

The form of DNA that is right-handed and the most common in cells.

Answer 40

B-DNA

Question 41

The form of DNA found under high salt conditions.

Answer 41

A-DNA

Question 42

The left-handed DNA helix, often found in purine-pyrimidine sequences.

Answer 42

Z-DNA