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AQA a-level biology 🧬🔬 > DNA and cells - EUKARYOTES > Flashcards

DNA and cells - EUKARYOTES Flashcards

1
Q

What kingdoms are eukaryotic?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, protoctists

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2
Q

Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A
  • E have a nucleus, membrane bound organelles and mitochondria whereas P don’t
  • E are found in animals, plants, fungi and protoctista whereas P are in bacteria
  • In E ribosomes are larger than P (80s vs 70s)
  • E have linear DNA whereas P have circular DNA(plasmids)
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3
Q

What do plant cells have that animals cells don’t?

A

Chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuole

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4
Q

What is the nuclear envelope and what does it do?

A
  • A double membrane with ribosomes on the surface surrounding the nucleus
  • It controls entry and exit
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5
Q

What are nuclear pores and what do they do?

A
  • Tiny holes on the surface of the nuclear envelope
  • They allow passage of large molecules e.g.mRNA/ribosomes
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6
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A
  • The cytoplasm of the nucleus
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7
Q

What is the nucleolus and what does it do?

A
  • Synthesises RNA
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8
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria

A
  • Rod shaped
  • 1-10µm in length
  • Has a double membrane which controls entry and exit
  • The inner membrane forms extensions/cristae
  • The cristae has a large surface area for attachment of enzymes
  • The matrix is gel-like which contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes, DNA and respiratory enzymes
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9
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • Site of respiration
  • Production of ATP
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10
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • Acts as the control centre of the cell through production of m/tRNA
  • Holds genetic material (long term)
  • Manufactures rRNA and ribosomes
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11
Q

What are ribosomes?

A
  • Small organelles found in the cytoplasm
  • Associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Involved in protein synthesis
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12
Q

Describe the structure of a ribosome

A

Made of rRNA and proteins/amino acids

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the cell membrane

A
  • Composed of a phospholipid bilayer
  • Has receptors which allow it to interact with other proteins, helping with cell recognition and signalling
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14
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls the movement of substances into and out the cell

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15
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoplasm

A
  • Jelly like substance which surrounds organelles
  • Contains dissolved molecules that take part in metabolic reactions
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16
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A
  • Contains dissolved molecules
  • Site of chemical reactions
17
Q

Where are lysosomes most commonly found?

A

In secretory cells

18
Q

What is the structure of a lysosome?

A
  • Formed of a hydrolytic enzyme mixture surrounded by a lipid layer and a membrane
  • Also contains enzymes that hydrolyse cell walls of bacteria
19
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A
  • Aids secretion
  • Hydrolyses material ingested by phagocytic cells
  • Releases enzymes
  • Digests old/damaged cells
  • Completely breaks down cells after they have died
20
Q

What is the difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on the surface whereas Smooth endoplasmic reticulum don’t
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a tubular appearance
21
Q

Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Continuous with the nuclear envelope
  • It is a network of tubules/ flattened sacs called cisternae
22
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Provides the pathway for transport of materials
  • Has a large surface area for protein synthesis
23
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Synthesises, stores and transports lipids/carbohydrates
24
Q

Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • A stack of membranes (looks like naan bread)
  • Modifies proteins as they are passed through
25
Q

What is the primary function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Lipids are added to make lipoproteins
  • Carbs are made into glycoproteins
  • Polypeptides are made into proteins
26
Q

What is the secondary function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Produces secretory enzymes
    secrete carbs, transport/modify/store lipids and form lysosomes
27
Q

What is the structure of a chloroplast?

A
  • Chloroplast envelope - has a double plasma membrane(highly selective
  • Thylakoids - contains chlorophyll
  • Grana - stacks of 100 disk shaped thylakoids
  • Stroma - fluid filled matrix which contains enzymes, starch grains, DNA and ribosomes
28
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

29
Q

What are adaptations of the chloroplasts?

A
  • Granal membranes provide large surface area for attachment of chlorophyll
  • Fluid contains enzymes
  • Chloroplasts contain DNA + ribosomes for quick and easy manufacture of proteins.
30
Q

Are chloroplasts found in plant cells, animal cells, or both

A

Plant cells only

31
Q

Describe the structure of the cell wall

A
  • Microfibrils of cellulose(matrix)/chitin in fungi
    -Strong because of fibrils
    -Thin layer called lamella marks the boundary between adjacent cells
32
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To provide strength (especially during osmosis)

33
Q

Is the cell wall found in plant cells, animal cells, or both?

A

Plant cells only

34
Q

Is the vacuole found in plant cells, animal cells, or both?

A

Plant cells only

35
Q

Describe the structure of a vacuole

A
  • Fluid filled sac bounded by a single membrane
36
Q

What does the vacuole contain?

A
  • Mineral salts
  • Sugars
  • Amino acids
  • Metabolic wastes
  • Pigments
37
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A
  • Maintains cell turgidity
  • Contains an energy store and can contain pigments that make petals coloured (in order to attract pollinating insects)

AQA a-level biology 🧬🔬 (32 decks)

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