dna and genetics

Question 1

what is dna

Answer 1

dna is a complex molecule that determines the characteristics of most living things

Question 2

when was dna discovered and who discovered it

Answer 2

in 1953

james Watson and Francis crick

Question 3

what is the structure of dna

Answer 3

dna has the same structure in all organisms in that it is made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar - base

Question 4

what are the nitrogen bases

Answer 4

they pair up to form the rungs. the four bases are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

Question 5

what is a nucleotide

Answer 5

they are the parts that make up dna. they have three parts; phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and one of the four nitrogen rich bases (a, t, g, or c)

Question 6

what are the complementary base pairs

Answer 6

adenine+thymine and guanine+cytosine

Question 7

who is Rosalind Franklin

Answer 7

she is a British chemist who is best known for her role in the discovery of the structure of dna

Question 8

who is Maurice Wilkins

Answer 8

heis a biophysicist who was well known for his contributions to the discovery of dnas molecular structure
he won the 1962 Nobel prize

Question 9

what can you do with dna

Answer 9

genetic testing, species identification, paternity, research, transgenic organisms

Question 10

chromosomes are…

Answer 10

long, thin, thread-like structures found in the nuclei of all cells in the human body containing a nucleus (eukaryotic)

Question 11

chromosomes are made up of…

Answer 11

dna molecule wrapped around proteins

Question 12

chromosome number refers to…

Answer 12

the number of chromosomes in the human body. there are 46 chromosomes and two of them are sex chromosomes

Question 13

what are the chromosomes called that don’t determine the sex

Answer 13

autosome

Question 14

how many chromosomes do people with down syndrome have

Answer 14

47

Question 15

karyotype…

Answer 15

shows the pairs if chromosomes for a human cell

Question 16

genes

Answer 16

sections of dna arranged along the dna
the order of bases and the number of bases will vary between genes
bases or codes contain instructions for particular characteristics for the person

Question 17

xx

Answer 17

female

Question 18

xy

Answer 18

male

Question 19

how many genes on a chromosome

Answer 19

ranges from 200 to 2000

Question 20

what is the molecule that connects the rungs to the upright molecules

Answer 20

sugar

Question 21

what are the molecules that make the uprights of the ladder

Answer 21

phosphate and sugar

Question 22

what are the rungs of the ladder made by

Answer 22

complementary base pairing : a-t rungs and g-c rungs

Question 23

a=

Answer 23

adenine

Question 24

t=

Answer 24

thymine

Question 25

g=

Answer 25

guanine

Question 26

c=

Answer 26

cytosine

Question 27

what is a nucleotide

Answer 27

the small molecules in dna are called nucleotides. all of the nucleotides in dna have the same structure and they consist of phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen rich base.

Question 28

what is the upright of the dna structure?

Answer 28

backbone

Question 29

what is it called when the chromosome is short and fat

Answer 29

coiling

Question 30

what is another name for a double helix

Answer 30

chromatid

Question 31

how many hydrogen bonds are in adenine and thymine

Answer 31

2

Question 32

how many hydrogen bonds do guanine and cytosine have

Answer 32

3

Question 33

what was the materials used in the dna extraction experiment

Answer 33

``` kiwi fruit gauze pieces test tube measuring cylinder cold ethanol salt detergent glass rod spatula ice bath ```

Question 34

describe the dna appearance that was extracted during the experiment

Answer 34

it looked like cotton and was very easy to move in the liquid

Question 35

procedure and function of dna extraction

Answer 35

crush the kiwi fruit- break open the cells add detergent- dissolve the fat part of the cell wall and nuclear membrane add salt- break up the protein chains that bind around the dna pour in cold ethanol- precipitate dna from the mixture

Question 36

primary examples

Answer 36

gender

Question 37

secondary examples

Answer 37

voice

Question 38

genetic code

Answer 38

is an instruction for making proteins

Question 39

how do genes become different

Answer 39

due to the order and number of bases

Question 40

what do autosomes do

Answer 40

functioning of organs hair colour hair type-curly, straight eye colour

Question 41

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

Answer 41

23 pairs with one pair being the sex cells

Question 42

how many chromosomes are in cells

Answer 42

sex cells-23 chromosomes-half of total body cells-46 chromosomes-44 are autosomes and 2 are sex chromosomes

Question 43

when a double helix is about to divide what does it do

Answer 43

each double helix coils around and around until it is short and fat.