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dna and genetics Flashcards

(43 cards)

1
Q

what is dna

A

dna is a complex molecule that determines the characteristics of most living things

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2
Q

when was dna discovered and who discovered it

A

in 1953

james Watson and Francis crick

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3
Q

what is the structure of dna

A

dna has the same structure in all organisms in that it is made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides
phosphate
deoxyribose sugar - base

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4
Q

what are the nitrogen bases

A

they pair up to form the rungs. the four bases are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

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5
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

they are the parts that make up dna. they have three parts; phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and one of the four nitrogen rich bases (a, t, g, or c)

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6
Q

what are the complementary base pairs

A

adenine+thymine and guanine+cytosine

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7
Q

who is Rosalind Franklin

A

she is a British chemist who is best known for her role in the discovery of the structure of dna

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8
Q

who is Maurice Wilkins

A

heis a biophysicist who was well known for his contributions to the discovery of dnas molecular structure
he won the 1962 Nobel prize

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9
Q

what can you do with dna

A

genetic testing, species identification, paternity, research, transgenic organisms

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10
Q

chromosomes are…

A

long, thin, thread-like structures found in the nuclei of all cells in the human body containing a nucleus (eukaryotic)

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11
Q

chromosomes are made up of…

A

dna molecule wrapped around proteins

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12
Q

chromosome number refers to…

A

the number of chromosomes in the human body. there are 46 chromosomes and two of them are sex chromosomes

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13
Q

what are the chromosomes called that don’t determine the sex

A

autosome

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14
Q

how many chromosomes do people with down syndrome have

A

47

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15
Q

karyotype…

A

shows the pairs if chromosomes for a human cell

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16
Q

genes

A

sections of dna arranged along the dna
the order of bases and the number of bases will vary between genes
bases or codes contain instructions for particular characteristics for the person

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17
Q

xx

A

female

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19
Q

how many genes on a chromosome

A

ranges from 200 to 2000

20
Q

what is the molecule that connects the rungs to the upright molecules

21
Q

what are the molecules that make the uprights of the ladder

A

phosphate and sugar

22
Q

what are the rungs of the ladder made by

A

complementary base pairing : a-t rungs and g-c rungs

23
Q

a=

24
Q

t=

25
g=
guanine
26
c=
cytosine
27
what is a nucleotide
the small molecules in dna are called nucleotides. all of the nucleotides in dna have the same structure and they consist of phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen rich base.
28
what is the upright of the dna structure?
backbone
29
what is it called when the chromosome is short and fat
coiling
30
what is another name for a double helix
chromatid
31
how many hydrogen bonds are in adenine and thymine
2
32
how many hydrogen bonds do guanine and cytosine have
3
33
what was the materials used in the dna extraction experiment
``` kiwi fruit gauze pieces test tube measuring cylinder cold ethanol salt detergent glass rod spatula ice bath ```
34
describe the dna appearance that was extracted during the experiment
it looked like cotton and was very easy to move in the liquid
35
procedure and function of dna extraction
crush the kiwi fruit- break open the cells add detergent- dissolve the fat part of the cell wall and nuclear membrane add salt- break up the protein chains that bind around the dna pour in cold ethanol- precipitate dna from the mixture
36
primary examples
gender
37
secondary examples
voice
38
genetic code
is an instruction for making proteins
39
how do genes become different
due to the order and number of bases
40
what do autosomes do
functioning of organs hair colour hair type-curly, straight eye colour
41
how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have
23 pairs with one pair being the sex cells
42
how many chromosomes are in cells
sex cells-23 chromosomes-half of total body cells-46 chromosomes-44 are autosomes and 2 are sex chromosomes
43
when a double helix is about to divide what does it do
each double helix coils around and around until it is short and fat.