DNA and RNA

Question 1

What are DNA and RNA both types of

Answer 1

Nucleic Acid

Question 2

Where are DNA and RNA found

Answer 2

In all living cells

Question 3

What are both DNA and RNA needed for

Answer 3

To build proteins and allow for proper functioning of cells

Question 4

What types of molecules are DNA and RNA

Answer 4

Information carrying molecules

Question 5

Do DNA and RNA have the same functions

Answer 5

No

Question 6

Which can carry more info - DNA or RNA

Answer 6

DNA

Question 7

What is DNA’s function

Answer 7

Hold or store genetic information. Contains instructions for the growth and development of all organisms

Question 8

What is RNA’s function

Answer 8

Transfer the genetic code found in DNA out of the nucleus and carry it to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Question 9

What is each nucleotide in DNA and RNA formed from

Answer 9

A pentose sugar, a nitrogen containing organic base and a phosphate group

Question 10

What are the components of a DNA nucleotide

Answer 10

Deoxyribose sugar with hydrogen at the 2’ position, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases - adenine (A), Cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T)

Question 11

Which nitrogenous bases bond together

Answer 11

A-T and C-G

Question 12

What are the components of a RNA nucleotide

Answer 12

A ribose sugar with a hydroxyl (OH) group at the 2’ position, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases - Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) or uracil (U).

Question 13

How does the presence of 2 hydroxyl groups affect RNA

Answer 13

Makes it more susceptible to hydrolysis

Question 14

Why is DNA tight storage molecule and RNA the transport molecule

Answer 14

RNA has a shorter lifespan due to it being more susceptible to hydrolysis.

Question 15

What two structural forms do the nitrogenous bases in RNA and DNA occur in

Answer 15

Purines and Pyrimidines

Question 16

Which bases are Purines

Answer 16

Adenine and Guanine - they have a double ring structure

Question 17

Which bases are pyrimidines

Answer 17

Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil - they have a single ring structure

Question 18

How many strands does DNA have?

Answer 18

DNA is double - stranded (double helix)

Question 19

How many strands does RNA have?

Answer 19

Single - Stranded

Question 20

Where do the condensation reactions occur between nucleotides making up DNA and RNA

Answer 20

The phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide

Question 21

What does a condensation reaction between two nucleotides form

Answer 21

A phosphodiester bond

Question 22

Why is it called a phosphodiester bond

Answer 22

Because it consists of a phosphate group and two ester bonds

Question 23

What is the sugar phosphate backbone

Answer 23

The chain of alternating phosphate groups and pentose sugars produced as a result of many phosphodiester bonds

Question 24

What are the key differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 24

RNA doesn’t contain Thymine, instead it contains uracil, RNA also contains the pentose sugar ribose - instead of deoxyribose

Question 25

What is the structure of DNA

Answer 25

DNA molecules are made up of 2 polynucleotide strands lying side by side, running in opposite directions (antiparallel), each strand is made from alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups bonded (phosphodioester bonds) - forming the sugar phosphate backbone

Question 26

How are the 2 antiparallel strands in DNA held together

Answer 26

By hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

Question 27

What is the structure of RNA

Answer 27

Made up of alternating ribose sugars and phosphate groups linked together, with the nitrogenous bases of each nucleotide projecting out sideways from the single - stranded RNA molecule

Question 28

What are the three versions of RNA

Answer 28

mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

Question 29

How do ribosomes make polypeptides

Answer 29

They 'read' RNA in a process known as translation

Question 30

What is RNA that forms proteins

Answer 30

rRNA

Question 31

What does rRNA do in ribosomes

Answer 31

Has enzymatic properties that catalyse the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 32

Where are 80s ribosomes found and what subunits are they composed of

Answer 32

Composed of 60s and 40s subunits - found in eukaryotes

Question 33

Where are 70s ribosomes found and what subunits are they composed of

Answer 33

Composed of 50s and 30s - found in prokaryotic cells as well as in mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells

Question 34

What is the large subunit in ribosomes the site of

Answer 34

Translation

Question 35

Are ribosomes surrounded by a membrane?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

What was DNA called when it was first discovered

Answer 36

Nuclein

Question 37

How did many scientific researchers react to the new discovery of this DNA molecule

Answer 37

They doubted it could carry the genetic code because of its relatively simple chemical composition

Question 38

How does DNA have a simple chemical composition

Answer 38

Only made up of simple repeating nucleotides, which themselves were only composed of 3 parts

Question 39

What did some scientists hypothesise genetic information is carried by

Answer 39

Proteins as they show much higher levels of chemical complexity (Proteins made from 20 different amino acids, DNA just 4 different nucleotides)

Question 40

What did later experiments confirm

Answer 40

DNA carried the genetic code

Question 41

How was there variation despite there being just 4 nucleotides

Answer 41

The use of the triplet code

Question 42

How is DNA conserved throughout generations of cells

Answer 42

DNA is easily copied and therefore inherited between generations within families