DNA and RNA- Biology

Question 1

“message carrying” molecule, coding for the creation of proteins in our bodies.

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

ADENINE pairs with

Answer 2

THYMINE

Question 3

THYMINE pairs with

Answer 3

ADENINE

Question 4

GUANINE pairs with

Answer 4

CYTOSINE

Question 5

CYTOSINE pairs with

Answer 5

GUANINE

Question 6

DNA resides in cell, except in what case?

Answer 6

Mitosis/Meiosis when nuclear membrane breaks down

Question 7

Chromosomes are made up of organized bundles of what?

Answer 7

DNA

Question 8

DNA is a double helix. What does that mean.

Answer 8

Two strands spiraling around each other.

Question 9

DNA’s monomer

Answer 9

Nucleotide

Question 10

what does DNA stand for?

Answer 10

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 11

The backbone of DNA is made of what?

Answer 11

Deoxyribose and phosphate

Question 12

Strands run anti parallel. Name order.

Answer 12

5’ -> 3’ and 3’ -> 5’

Question 13

Three parts of nucleotide:

Answer 13

Phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base.

Question 14

Only exists in RNA

Answer 14

Uracil

Question 15

When does DNA replication occur?

Answer 15

Happens in S-phase of Interphase

Question 16

Enzymes

Answer 16

speed up chemical reactions

Question 17

Main purpose of DNA replication

Answer 17

Prepare cell for Mitosis by copying DNA

Question 18

Replication Fork

Answer 18

When the double helix is unwound, leaving both strands open for replication.

Question 19

Supercoiling

Answer 19

DNA getting tangled

Question 20

Primers

Answer 20

Signals for DNA polymerase III to come in and add nitrogenous bases.

Question 21

Complementary

Answer 21

When nitrogenous bases are added off of chargaff’s rule A-T, C-G

Question 22

5’- 3’

Answer 22

the direction DNA is synthesized in

Question 23

Leading Strand (template)

Answer 23

The strand being, one continuous strand

Question 24

Lagging strand (complementary)

Answer 24

The strand being synthesized in fragments because it is running antiparallel to the leading strand.

Question 25

Okazaki Fragments

Answer 25

The fragments of DNA on the lagging strand that are synthesized.

Question 26

Whats is the goal of initiation?

Answer 26

Prepare DNA for copying

Question 27

What are the steps of initiation?

Answer 27

Topoisomerase (prevents supercoiling), helicase (unzips DNA), SSB (bind to separate DNA, preventing them from combining), primase (adds RNA to each strand, acting as a starting point for DNA synthesis)

Question 28

What is the goal of elongation?

Answer 28

Build the new DNA strands through DNA Polymerase III.

Question 29

What does DNA polymerase III do?

Answer 29

Adds complementary DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of each RNA primer. Also synthesizes the leading strand and the lagging strand in okazaki fragments

Question 30

What is the goal of Termination?

Answer 30

clean up and finalize the new DNA strands.

Question 31

What are the steps in Termination?

Answer 31

Exonuclease, DNA polymerase I, and Ligase

Question 32

EXONUCLEASE

Answer 32

Works alongside DNA polymerase I and removes RNA primers form newly synthesized DNA.

Question 33

Ligase

Answer 33

Seals the gaps between okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by forming phosphodiester bonds, completing the sugar-phosphate backbone.

Question 34

DNA polymerase I

Answer 34

Fills the gap where the RNA primers were with DNA nucleotides.

Question 35

Gyrase

Answer 35

relieves tension on the DNA strand while its being unwound

Question 36

what would happen if ligase did't do its job

Answer 36

DNA fragments would remain unconnected

Question 37

Single Stranded Binding proteins

Answer 37

Coat the DNA around the replication fork to prevent rewinding of the DNA

Question 38

Primase

Answer 38

Synthesizes RNA primers complementary to the DNA strand

Question 39

DNA polymerase III

Answer 39

Extends the primers, adding on to the 5'-3' direction.

Question 40

Exonuclease

Answer 40

Removes RNA primers

Question 41

DNA polymerase I

Answer 41

Adds DNA to the gaps that were created when the primers were removed

Question 42

DNA ligase

Answer 42

Seals the two new DNA strands