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H Biology > DNA And The Genome > Flashcards

DNA And The Genome Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of DNA

A

Nucleotides. Sugar phosphate backbone, A-T C-G, hydrogen bonds between bases. Double stranded antiparallel structure. Deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate. 3’ end abdominal a 5’ end. Double helix.

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2
Q

Prokaryotes have …..

A

A single circular chromosome and smaller circular plasmids

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3
Q

Eukaryotes have ….

A

Liner chromosomes tightly coiled and packed with histone proteins. They also have circular chromosomes in mitochondria and chloroplast. Yeast is special as it also has plasmids

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4
Q

What does DNA polymerase do in the replication of DNA?

A

Adds DNA nucleotides using complementary base pairing to the deoxyribose 3’ end of the new DNA strand. Ligament joins the strands together

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5
Q

What does RNA splicing do?

A

It forms the nature mRNA transcript

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6
Q

How is the phenotype determined?

A

By the proteins that are produced by gene expression

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7
Q

What is cellular differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell expresses a certain gene to produce a particular protein, which carries out a specific function

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8
Q

Embryonic stem cells are ….

A

Pluripotent

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9
Q

Tissue stem cells are….

A

Multipotent

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10
Q

Single gene mutations

A

Substitution
Insertion
Deletion

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11
Q

What can nucleotide substitutions lead to? (3 types of final results)

A

Missense- different amino acid produced
Nonsense- stop codon
Splice-site- some introns kept and some exons left out

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12
Q

Simple DNA replication

A

Double helix unwinds and hydrogen bonds break.
RNA primes join on the 3’ end. One on the leading strand and multiple on the lagging strand.
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides continuously on the leading and in fragments on the lagging.
Ligase then seals the sugar phosphate backbone together.

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13
Q

Components needed for PCR (5)

A

Buffer
Nucleotides
Primers
Polymerase and ligase
Template DNA

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14
Q

In PCR primers are…

A

Short strands of nucleotides which are complementary to specific target sequences.

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15
Q

Process of PCR

A
  1. Heated to 92-98* and the strands split
  2. Cooled to 50-65* primers attach to the single strands
  3. Heated to 70-80* heat tolerant DNA polymerase binds to primers and adds nucleotides to the 3’ end
  4. Heated to 92-98* again
  5. Cooled to 50-65* primers now bond to original fragments and copies
  6. Heated to 70-80* heat tolerant DNA polymerase copies the DNA again
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16
Q

Uses of PCR

A

-forensic science
-disease detection
-population studies
-phylogenetics
-early detection of infection

17
Q

3 differences of RNA to DNA

A

Single stranded
Ribose sugar
Uracil replaces thymine

18
Q

3 types of RNA

A

Messenger
Transfer
Ribosomal

19
Q

mRNA

A

Carries a copy of DNA from the nucleus to the ribosome

20
Q

tRNA

A

Collects amino acids acids and takes them to the ribosome to be used in translation

21
Q

rRNA

A

Combine with proteins to make ribosomes

22
Q

Definition of stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells in animals that can self-renew and can differentiate into specialised cells

23
Q

Cellular differentiation is the process….

A

By which a cell develops to do a more specialised function by switching on or off certain genes

24
Q

What are meristems

A

Areas of differentiation into specialised cells in plants

25
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A

Early embryos
Pluripotent

26
Q

Tissue stem cells

A

From adult red bone marrow
Multi potent

27
Q

Therapeutic uses of stem cells

A

Repair damaged or diseased organs or tissue (skin graphs, corneal transplants)

28
Q

Ethical issues

A

Some people believe it’s the destruction of a human life
But it removes the use of animal testing

29
Q

Research uses of stem cells

A

To detect diseases

30
Q

What does alternative RNA splicing allow for?

A

The same gene to be used to make several different proteins.

31
Q

what is genomic sequencing

A

the ordering the sequence of nucleotide bases in a genome

32
Q

what is bioinformatics

A

analysis of sequence data using computers and statistics

33
Q

what is phylogenetics

A

study of evolutionary relatedness of species

34
Q

what is a molecular clock

A

its a graph that shows differences in sequences data for nucleic acids or proteins over time

35
Q

what is sequence data

A

information about nucleotide base sequence and/or amino acids

36
Q

what are the 3 domains of life

A

bacteria
archaea
eukaryotes

37
Q

what is personalised medicine

A

treatment what is based upon an individuals own genome sequence

38
Q

what is pharmacogenetics

A

the use of genome information in the choice of drugs

H Biology (3 decks)

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