Metabolism And Survival

Question 1

Process of glycolysis

Answer 1

4ATP^
Glucose ->intermediates->pyruvate
2ATP^ NAD~NADH

Question 2

Requirements for glycolysis

Answer 2

Glucose
Dehydrogenase enzyme

Question 3

Location of glycolysis

Answer 3

Cytoplasm

Question 4

Products of glycolysis

Answer 4

Pyruvate
NADH
2ATP

Question 5

Citric acid cycle

Answer 5

Coenzyme A⬇️
Pryruvate -> acetyl -> acetyl coenzyme A -> acetyl -> citrate ->
Out-CO2. NAD-> NADH. ADP + Pi->ATP
oxoalcetable(links back to acetyl)

Question 6

Location of the citric acid cycle

Answer 6

Central Matrix of the mitochondria

Question 7

Requirements for the citric acid cycle

Answer 7

Pyruvate and dehydrogenase

Question 8

Products of the citric acid cycle

Answer 8

CO2 ATP NADH

Question 9

Location of the electron transport chain

Answer 9

Inner mitochondrial

Question 10

Requirements for the electron transport chain

Answer 10

NADH oxygen

Question 11

Products of the electron transport chain

Answer 11

Lots of ATP and water

Question 12

Electron transport chain

Answer 12

NADH->NAD
H goes the an area of high H then through ATP synthase enzyme turning it converting ADP+Pi into ATP and then combines with the e- and O2 to make water
e- goes through the carrier protein then through ATP synthase, the e- then combine with H and O2 to form water

Question 13

2 important techniques used in genetically improving micro-organisms

Answer 13

1.mutagenesis
2.recombinant DNA technology

Question 14

mutagenesis definition

Answer 14

a process where the genetic information of an organism is altered resulting in a mutation

Question 15

vector defintion

Answer 15

a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic information into another cell

Question 16

restriction endonuclease

Answer 16

an enzyme that can cut open plasmids and specific genes out of a chromosome, leaving complementary base pairs

Question 17

sticky end

Answer 17

unpaired nucleotides of one DNA strand which extends beyond the other

Question 18

restriction site

Answer 18

short target sequence found on a strand of a DNA molecule where a cut is made by restriction endonuclease

Question 19

ligase

Answer 19

an enzyme that can seal a gene into a plasmid

Question 20

selectable marker gene

Answer 20

protect the microorganism from an agent that would normally kill it

Question 21

origin of replication

Answer 21

particular part of DNA molecule where replication has started

Question 22

regulatory sequence

Answer 22

the control of gene expression is the function of regulatory sequences found in artificial chromosomes and recombinant plasmids

Question 23

why are microorganisms used in research? (5)

Answer 23

easy to culture
food substate is cheap
produce many different products
metabolism can be controlled
reproduce and grow quickly

Question 24

environmental conditions conditions that can be controlled (4)

Answer 24

oxygen
temperature
glucose concentration
PH

Question 25

requirements for growing microorganisms

Answer 25

growth medium (agar) energy source (carbohydrate) molecules to make new cell (amino acids, fatty acids....) light for photosynthesising organisms

Question 26

sterile conditions are needed to avoid....

Answer 26

competition with micro-organisms contamination of the product

Question 27

lag phase

Answer 27

enzymes start to work to metabolise substrates makes energy available for growth

Question 28

log/exponential phase

Answer 28

rapid growth of the microorganisms population due to plentiful nutrients

Question 29

stationary phase

Answer 29

reduction in nutrient availability and start to build up of toxic metabolites antibiotics are produced

Question 30

death phase

Answer 30

accumulation of toxic metabolites

Question 31

what is the paper that allows for a very wide range of results to be plotted

Answer 31

semi-logathmic graph paper

Question 32

what is the total cell count

Answer 32

living and dead microorganisms

Question 32

what is the viable cell count

Answer 32

only living microorganisms

Question 33

What does the addition of Bt toxin mean

Answer 33

A decrease in the use of chemicals